FULUGAN, Ceazar Justine L.

MENDOZA, Michelle B.
REDUBLO, Anne Paulinne P.
SIM, Tristan James G.

Cold-process
Saponification of
Glutathione
Medicinal Soap with
Kamias (Averrhoa
bilimbi) and Apple
(Malus pumila)
Extracts

INTRODUCTION
Medicinal Glutathione
soap
Lightens the skin color
Minimizes
discolorations and scars
Heals skin diseases

OBJECTIVE
(GENERAL)

To produce a soap
with whitening and
medicinal properties
through coldprocess
saponification

OBJECTIVES
(SPECIFIC)
To compare the
experimental product to a
commercial product
To convert small-scale
equipments to large-scale
To explain the
manufacturing process of
the product

SIGNIFICANCE

Medical sector
Market sector
Sports industry
Fashion and
modeling industry

RAW MATERIALS
REAGENTS

ROLE IN SAPONIFICATION
Aesthetic ingredient that makes
Titanium
soap appears more white or
dioxide (TiO2)
opaque
Sodium silicate Source of buffered alkalinity and
(Na2O3Si)
they provide soil suspension
One of the main ingredients used
Castor oil
in soap for lather and cleansing
purposes
Cocodiethanola
For the formation of bubbles
mide (CDEA)
Kamias and
Medicinal properties
apple extract

RAW MATERIALS
REAGENTS
Lye solution
(NaOH solution)

ROLE IN SAPONIFICATION
Source of heat in cold-process

Coconut oil

Hardening of soap; blends with

castor oil

Glutathione

Whitening effect

Fragrance

Fragrant scent

Water

Dissolves the various ingredients,

causing them to mix better

RAW MATERIALS

Titanium
dioxide
Adds opacity
to the soap
Lightens
color of soap

RAW MATERIALS

Glutathion
e powder
Obtains
skin
whitening
properties

RAW MATERIALS

Fragrance
Gives off a
pleasant
odor

RAW MATERIALS

Kamias
extract
Heals skin
diseases
(e.g.
pruritus)

RAW MATERIALS

Apple
extract
Maintains
skin health
(e.g. UV
protection)

RAW MATERIALS

Sodium
silicate
Ability to
remove oils
Increases
lather

RAW MATERIALS

Cocodieth
anolamide
(CDEA)
Foaming
agent

RAW MATERIALS

Sodium
hydroxide
Results to
saponificati
on process

RAW MATERIALS
Oils + NaOH

RAW MATERIALS

Castor oil
Acts as a
humectant
and an
emollient
Hardens
soap

EFFECTS OF CASTOR
OIL ON SOAP
Bubbly lather

Yes

Creamy/Stable lather

Yes

Cleansing

Mil
d

Conditioning

Yes

Hardness

No

RAW MATERIALS

Coconut
oil

Solidifies
the soap

SOAP COMPONENTS

PROCESSING

Preparation
of Raw
Materials
Measuremen
ts of raw
materials

PREPARATION OF RAW
MATERIALS
Raw Material

Measurement

Titanium dioxide

200 mg

Caustic soda

15 g

Kamias extract

5 mL

Apple extract

5 mL

Glutathione powder

500 mg

Sodium silicate

5 mL

CDEA

5 mL

Fragrance

1 mL

Castor oil

10 mL

Coconut oil

40 mL

Water

40 mL

PROCESSING

Dissolution
Dissolving of
solid
particles in
water

PROCESSING

Extraction
Getting the
juice
extracts of
the fruit

PROCESSING

Mixing
Mixing the
rest of the
ingredients
for molding

PROCESSING

Molding
Leaving the
soap
mixture in a
container for
5-7 hours

PROCESSING

Curing
Leaving the
soap until
its fully
hardened

PROCESSING

Packaging
Covering the
finished
product
presentably

SMALL TO LARGE-SCALE
PROCESSING
Small-scale
Apparatus

Industrial
Manufacturi
ng Process

Dissolution

Large-scale
Apparatus

Product formed

Beaker; Stirring
rod

Metering
or
Dosing

Coarse Mixer

Solution
required for
the mixing
process

Extraction

Blender;
Filtering cloth;
Container

Extraction

Juice Extractor

Kamias and
apple extracts

Mixing

Beaker; Stirrer

Shearing

Coarse Mixer

Viscous
mixture

Molding

Wax paper;
Molder

Refining,
Cutting and
Stamping

Curing

Resting place

Curing

Packaging

Wax paper

Packaging

Unit Operation

Molding
Machine; Soap
Cutting
Machine
Storage Tanks
Packing
Machine

Hardened soap
for curing
Final soap
Packaged soap
for consumer
use

PROCESS FLOW

Dissolution

Packaging

Extraction

Curing

Mixing

Molding

DATA AND RESULTS

Appearance
Color

: Solid state (Triangle-shaped)

: Flesh (Base RGB: #EBC57F)

Formation of suds : Yes

Hazardous
decomposition
Solubility
Raw materials
infused
Lathering power
Cleansing power

: None known
: Miscible in water
: Kamias; apple
: Tap water
: Less lather
: Distilled water : More lather
5 drops of Canola cooking oil
: placed on hand were completely
removed

LATHER FORMATION
Trial

Experimental
Glutathione

Trial 1
Trial 2
Trial 3
Average

3.7
3.4
4.1
3.73

Gluta-C
Whitening
Soap
4.5
4.8
4.3
4.53

Container:
Test tube
Volume of water: 2 mL
Size of soap tested: 1 x 0.5 x
0.8
Number of shakes:
10 times

LATHER FORMATION
Experimental
Product

Gluta-C

LATHER FORMATION

Experimental
Product

LATHER FORMATION
Percentage Difference
| 4.53 3.73 | x 100 %
4.53

17.66
%

PRODUCT TESTING
Experimental Product

Gluta-C Whitening Soap

Rough on outside, but

smooth on skin contact

Texture

Smooth and gentle

Not prickly on skin

Alkalinity

Not prickly on skin

No presence of rashes,
red marks, itchiness
Mild drying of skin

Skin
reaction

Fragrant

Scent

Fresh to the skin for the

whole day; whitening and Prolongin
lightening effects on skin g effect
are not yet proven

No presence of rashes,
red marks, itchiness
No drying of skin
Fragrant
Proven whitening and
lightening effects to the
skin

PRODUCT TESTING
Experimental Product

Gluta-C Whitening Soap

Kamias/Bilimbi fruit
properties
Cures skin diseases
such as itching
(pruritus), mumps,
acne, rheumatism
Presence of Vitamin C
Apple properties
Sun blocking effect
Other effects
Vitamin C Helps
Moisturizes skin
make collagen (Protein
Removes dark spots
on skin)
Copper Melanin
production (Protects
from UV)
Vitamin A Mature and
functional skin tissue

CONCLUSION
The experimental product is
relatively close to
commercial product (Gluta-C)
Variety of oils affect the
hardening of soap
Whitening and healing
properties of soap are yet to
be proven

RECOMMENDATIONS
Do not use too much
caustic soda
Mix the solution in one
direction only
Add Phenoxy ethanol
Divide the coconut oil
and other oil evenly

Dry Mixing of
Calamansi
(Citrofortunella
microcarpa) and
Tomato (Solanum
lycopersicum)
Extracts for the
production of
Detergent Powder

INTRODUCTION
The earliest detergent
substance was
undoubtedly water
Detergent is a cleaning
agent that increases the
ability of water to
penetrate fabric and break
down greases and dirt

INTRODUCTION
Detergents act like soap
but are made of chemicals
obtained from petroleum
products.

Detergent molecule with hydrophobic and hydrophilic

regions

Attraction of hydrophobic
hydrocarbons and a grease
particle

INTRODUCTION
Cleanliness is essential to
civilized society for good
health, comfort, and for
esthetic reasons.
The concept of maximum
safety for the consumer is
the researchers top
priority.

OBJECTIVE
(GENERAL)

To produce an
efficient detergent
powder with the use
of calamansi and
tomato extracts
through dry mixing.

OBJECTIVE
(SPECIFIC)
To compare the
effectiveness in removing
stains of the product and
commercially detergent
powder
To determine if the
product match up to the
standard detergent

OBJECTIVE
(SPECIFIC)
To determine the
counterpart large-scale
manufacturing process of
the unit process done in
the laboratory;
To distinguish the
corresponding equipment
used in the industry with
the apparatus used in the

SIGNIFICANCE

Health Sector
Marketing Sector
Chemical
Engineering
Research Sector

RAW MATERIALS
Sodium Carbonate
(Washing soda)
Linear Alkylbenzene
Sulphonate (LAS)
Sodium Lauryl Sulfate
(SLS)

Builder water softener;

Raise the pH of the
detergent powder
Surfactant Grease
remover and decrease
waters surface tension
Surfactant has
emulsifying and foaming
properties

White Vinergar

Anti-bacterial

Sodium
Tripolyphosphate
(STPP)

Builder has high

alkalinity and assist in
removal of soil

RAW MATERIALS
Industrial
Salt
Calamansi
extract

Filler - maintain the physical

properties of detergent powder
Has antimicrobial properties,
deodorizes bad odor

Tomato
extract

Skin moisturizer

Speckles

Colorant. Creates a more

aesthetically pleasing product

Perfume

Fragrance

Surfactant molecules lowering water surface

tension

Builder binding to Calcium and Magnesium ions in

Percentage Composition Sodium

Carbonate
LAS
SLS
1%
13%

1%

1%

Vinegar

6%

STPP

7%
2%
6%

63%

NaCl
Speckles
Calamansi
Extract
Tomato Extract

Extraction of
Tomato and
Calamansi

Weighing raw
materials

Packaging

Drying the
mixture

Addition of raw
materials

Grinding lump
particles

Mixing raw
materials

Sifting the
mixture

PROCESS FLOW

Equivalent
Unit Operation

Apparatus

Manufacturing
Process

Measuring of

Analytical

Raw Materials

balance, pipet

rod, plastic

Equipment
Large Scale

Metering

Measuring
Equipment

Basin, stirring
Mixing

Equivalent

Mixing

spoon

Slurry
Preparation Tank

Sifting

Sifter

Filtering

Coarse Filter

Grinding

Sifter, Hand

Milling

Roller Machine

Drying

Drying

Spray Dryer

Packaging

Plastic jar

Packaging

Packaging
Machine

DATA AND RESULTS

Appearance

: Solid (Powdered form)

Color

: White (with blue speckles)

Formation of
suds
Hazardous
decomposition

: Yes
: None known

Solubility

: Miscible in water

Scent

: Calamansi

Raw materials
infused

: Calamansi; tomato

PRODUCT TESTING
(CLEANSING POWER)
Experimental
Product

Surf Detergent
Powder

Slightly removed

Tilapias
Fresh
Blood

Mostly removed

Completely
removed

Cooking Oil Completely removed

Mostly removed

Highlighter
s Ink

Slightly removed

Completely
removed

Iced Tea

Completely removed

a. Protein-based stain :
Tilapias fresh blood (2 drops)
BEFORE
WASHING

AFTER WASHING

*Experimental Product at the Left

side, Commercial Product at the
right

b. Oil-based stain :
Canola cooking oil (2 drops)
BEFORE
WASHING

AFTER WASHING

*Experimental Product at the Left

side, Commercial Product at the
right

c. Tannin-based stain :
Yellow highlighter (3 cm)
BEFORE
WASHING

AFTER WASHING

*Experimental Product at the Left

side, Commercial Product at the
right

d. Dye stains:
Iced Tea (2 drops of 1/2 tbsp + 20
ml water)
BEFORE
WASHING

AFTER WASHING

*Experimental Product at the Left

side, Commercial Product at the
right

PRODUCT TESTING
(FOAM HEIGHT)
Experimental
Product

Surf Detergent
Powder

tbsp

Amount of
detergent powder
applied

50

mL

Volume of water

50

mL

10

shakes

Number of shakes

10

shakes

4.20

cm

Foam height

8.65

cm

tbsp

PRODUCT TESTING
(FOAM HEIGHT)

CONCLUSION
There is no significant
difference in the cleaning
power of the experimental
product and the
commercial product
The amount of SLS
included in the formulation
is proportional to the
amount of bubbles formed.

CONCLUSION
The small-scale processes and
the large-scale manufacturing
processes both went through
measuring, mixing, sieving,
grinding, drying and
packaging.
However, large scale
manufacturing industry uses
agglomeration or spray drying
process instead of dry mixing.

RECOMMENDATIONS
Addition of Coco
Diethanolamide (CDEA)
Increasing the portions
of the organic raw
materials

Emulsification of
Sodium Lauryl Ether
Sulfate (SLES) and
Cocodiethanolamide
(CDEA) for the
Production of
Dishwashing Liquid
Infused with
Peppermint Oil
(Mentha piperita)

INTRODUCTION
In the Philippines, the dishwashing
liquid (DWL) is still the most
preferred detergent product for
kitchen multipurpose cleaning.
Many commercial formulations of
dishwashing liquids (DWL) contain
chemical-based antibacterial
compounds (e.g. triclosan,
benzalkonium chloride).
A small amount of triclosan can be
absorbed by the body (Steckelberg,
2014).

OBJECTIVE
(GENERAL)

To manufacture a
commercial-grade
dishwashing liquid
with degreasing and
natural antibacterial
properties

OBJECTIVE
(SPECIFIC)
To compare the two
experimental products with a
commercial one via product
testing methods (e.g. number
of plates washed, cleansing
power).
To assess the amount of bubble
formation by modifying
amounts of CDEA.

OBJECTIVE
(SPECIFIC)
To examine the
relationship between the
viscosity and the capacity
to remove grease on a
surface.
To gauge the
antimicrobial properties
of peppermint oil through

SIGNIFICANCE
Household
Maintenance of smallscale industries
Surfactant technology &
cleaning research

RAW MATERIALS
Distilled water
Sodium lauryl ether
sulfate (SLES)
Cocodiethanolamide
(CDEA)
Industrial salt

Degreaser

Main solvent
Surfactant & emulsifier,
agent for decreasing
surface tension of water
Bubble enhancer, adds
weight to the bubbles
formed
Filler, maintains the
physical properties of the
DWL
Builder, contains watersoftening compounds
such as NaCO3, STPP,
and EDTA

RAW MATERIALS
Peppermint oil

Antibacterial agent,
soothing for the hands

Colorant

Dyeing agent

Fragrance

Scent

PROCESS FLOW

Preparation

Weighing

Emulsification

Bubble Enhancement

Addition of the
Antibacterial Agent

Addition of the
Builder

Additives

Thickening

Packaging

Unit
Operation
Measurin
g of Raw
Materials
Mixing

Industrial
Apparatus

Manufacturing
Process

Balance;
Graduated

Metering

Large-scale
Measuring Eqpt.

Cylinder
Beaker

Mixing

Slurry Preparation
Tank

Addition of

of Other

Beaker; Stirring

Builders,

Compone

Rod

Thickeners, and

nts
g

Equipment

Analytical

Addition

Packagin

Industrial

Mixing Tank

Additives
Plastic Bottle

Packaging

Packing Machine

DATA AND RESULTS

(TRIAL 1)
Appearance

: Liquid

Color

: Dark Blue (Base RGB: #08447F)

Bubble
Formation

Yes. 12 mL of CDEA produced 2 1/2

: tbsp. of bubbles when mixed with
tap water.

Hazardous
Decompositio : None known
n
Solubility

: Miscible in water

Scent

: Flower Bouquet

DATA AND RESULTS

(TRIAL 2)
Appearanc
e
Color
Bubble
Formation

: Liquid
: Blue (Base RGB: #047075)
:

Yes. 15 mL of CDEA produced 3 tbsp. of

bubbles when mixed with tap water.

Hazardous
Decompos : None known
ition
Solubility

: Miscible in water

Scent

: Calamansi

VISCOSITY
Trial 1
4.65

g/cc

Density of ball
Density of dishwashing

Trial 2
4.77

g/cc

1.03

g/cc

9.80

m/s2

2.55

g/cc

9.80

m/s2

0.005

Radius of ball

0.005

0.009

m/s

Velocity of ball

0.005

m/s

0.0035

Length travelled

0.0035

1.27

g/cm*s

Viscosity

4.07

g/cm*s

63.71

16.29

liquid
Gravitational
acceleration

%diff (3.50 g/cm*s ave.

commercial standard)

NUMBER OF PLATES
WASHED
Experimental Product
Trial 1

Trial 2

Measurement
of each DWL

1 drop

1 drop

Joy DWL-Lemon

(applied on

1 drop

sponge)
Glassware

Glassware

(Diam.: 23

(Diam.: 23

cm)

cm)

Type of plate

Glassware

washed

(Diam.: 23 cm)

Number of
plates washed

CLEANSING POWER
Joy
Experimental Product

Dishwashing
Liquid

Trial 1

Trial 2

Measurement
of each liquid

1 drop
7
4
3
3

scrubs
scrubs
scrubs
scrubs
4.25

1 drop
5
3
3
3

scrubs
scrubs
scrubs
scrubs
3.50

(applied on
sponge)
Plasticware
Glassware
Chinaware
Stainless
Average
number of
scrubs

1 drop

4
2
2
2

scrubs
scrubs
scrubs
scrubs
3.00

CONCLUSIONS
Significant differences arose in both of the
products viscosity and amount of bubble
formation.
More viscous, more friction to lever out
grease.
Trial 2 is almost commercially viable against
Trial 1 as the former:
Was able to clean more dishes than Trial 1
and;
Is almost as efficient in cleaning power as
the commercial brand.
11.78-mm mean inhibition zone for
peppermint oil for common kitchen bacteria

RECOMMENDATIONS
The addition of other essential
oils to increase the
antimicrobial property of the
dishwashing liquid.
The analysis of cleaning ability
for a wider range of viscosities
and bubbles formed.
The analysis of cleaning ability
for different kinds of stains.