Chapter 5: Eukaryotic Microbes

Week 4
Professor Autieri

The History of Eukaryotes

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They first appeared

approximately 2
billion years ago

A larger prokaryotic
cell such as an
archaea has a flexible
outer envelope and
Mesosomelike
internal membranes to
enclose the nucleoid.

A smaller prokaryotic
cell similar to purple
bacteria that can use
oxygen

Nuclear
envelope

The larger cell engulfs the

smaller one; smaller one
survives and remains
surrounded by the vacuolar
membrane.

Early
nucleus

Smaller bacterium becomes a

permanent resident of its
Host s cytoplasm; it multiplies
and is passed on during cell
division. It utilizes aerobic
metabolism and increases
energy availability for the host.

Evidence suggests
evolution from
prokaryotic
organisms by
symbiosis

Early
mitochondria

Early
endoplasmic
reticulum

Ancestral eukaryotic cell

develops additional membrane
pouches that become the
endoplasmic reticulum and
Golgi apparatus.

Photosynthetic bacteria
(similar to cyanobacteria)
are also engulfed; they
develop into chloroplasts.
Ancestral cell

Organelles originated

Chloroplast

from prokaryotic cells

trapped inside them

Cell
wall

Many protozoa, animals

Image by D. J. Patterson (provided

by micro*scope http://microscope.mbl.edu)

Algae, higher plants

Ancient Eukaryotes
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y.

Chloroplasts

Cell wall
Andrew Knoll

Andrew Knoll

(a)

(b)
3

Eukaryotic Microbes

The Eukaryotic Cell

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Cell wall*

Mitochondrion

Cell membrane

Golgi apparatus

Rough endoplasmic
reticulum with
ribosomes

Microfilaments
Flagellum*

Nuclear
membrane
with pores
Nucleus
Lysosome

Nucleolus

Smooth
endoplasmic
reticulum

Microvilli/
Glycocalyx

Microtubules

Chloroplast*
Centrioles*
*Structure not present in all cell types

External Structures
Locomotor appendages:

Flagella

Long, sheathed cylinder containing microtubules

Covered by an extension of the cell membrane
10X thicker than prokaryotic flagella
Function in motility
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y

outer
dynein
arm

Microtubules

B subfiber
of doublet

Cilium

singlet

Cell
Membrane
ciliary
membrane

short
glycocalyx
fringe

(a)

Courtesy Richard Allen

bb

(b)

Courtesy Richard Allen

(c) Whips back and

forth and pushes
in snakelike
pattern

Twiddles
the tip

Lashes, grabs
the substrate,
and pulls

External Structures
Locomotor appendages: Cilia
Found only on a single group of protozoa and certain
animal cells
Function in motility, feeding, and filtering

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Oral groove with gullet

Macronucleus

(a)

Contractile vacuole

Micronucleus

(b)

Power stroke

Recovery stroke

External Structures
Glycocalyx
An outermost boundary that comes into direct
contact with environment
Usually composed of polysaccharides
A slime layer or a capsule
Functions in adherence, protection, and signal
reception
Beneath the glycocalyx

Fungi and most algae have a thick, rigid cell wall

Protozoa, a few algae, and all animal cells lack a cell wall
and have only a membrane

Boundary of the Cell

Cell wall
Rigid, provides structural support and shape
Fungi have thick inner layer of polysaccharide

fibers composed of chitin

Algae substances commonly found include
cellulose, pectin, mannans, silicon dioxide, and
calcium carbonate

Internal Structures
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Nucleus

Endoplasmic reticulum

Chromatin

Compact sphere,

most prominent
organelle of
eukaryotic cell
Nuclear envelope
composed of two
parallel membranes
separated by a
narrow space and is
perforated with pores
Contains
chromosomes
Nucleolus dark
area for rRNA
synthesis and
ribosome assembly

Don Fawcett/Visuals Unlimited

Nuclear Nuclear
pore
envelope
(a)

Nucleolus
(b)

Nucleolus
Nuclear pore

Nuclear envelope

10

Mitosis
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Centrioles

Interphase (resting state prior

to cell division)
1

Chromatin
Cell membrane
Nuclear envelope

Prophase

Nucleolus

Cytoplasm

Daughter cells
Cleavage furrow

Telophase

Spindle fibers
Centromere
Chromosome

Chromosome

Early
metaphase

3
Early telophase

7
Metaphase

4
Late anaphase

Early anaphase

11

Internal Structures
Endoplasmic reticulum two types:
Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)
rough due to ribosomes; proteins synthesized
and shunted into the ER for packaging and
transport; first step in secretory pathway

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)

closed tubular network without ribosomes;
functions in nutrient processing, synthesis, and
storage of lipids
12

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

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Nuclear envelope
Nuclear pore

Polyribosomes
Polyribosomes
Cisterna

(b)
Small subunit

(a)

mRNA

Ribosome

Large subunit

RER membrane
Protein being
synthesized

Cisterna
(c)

13

Internal Structures
Golgi apparatus

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Modifies, stores, and

Endoplasmic
reticulum

packages proteins

Consists of a stack of

Transport
vesicles

flattened sacs called

cisternae

Cisternae

Condensing
vesicles

14

Internal Structures
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Transport Processes

Nucleolus
Ribosome
parts

Transitional vesicles

from the ER
containing proteins go
to the Golgi
apparatus for
modification and
maturation

Condensing vesicles

Nucleus

Rough
endoplasmic
reticulum

Transitional
vesicles

Golgi
apparatus
Condensing
vesicles

transport proteins to
Secretion by exocytosis
Cell membrane
organelles or
Secretory vesicle
secretory proteins to
thenucleus
outside
RER Golgi vesicles secretion 15 15

Internal Structures
Lysosomes

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Vesicles containing enzymes

that originate from Golgi
apparatus
Involved in intracellular
digestion of food particles
and in protection against
invading microbes

Vacuoles

Food
particle
Lysosomes
Cell membrane
Nucleus
Golgi apparatus

Engulfment
of food

Food vacuole

Formation of food
vacuole

Membrane bound sacs

containing particles to be
digested, excreted, or stored

Phagosome

Lysosome

Merger of
lysosome
and vacuole
Phagosome

vacuole merged with a

lysosome

Digestion
Digestive vacuole

16

Internal Structures
Mitochondria

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Circular
DNA strand

Function in energy

production
Consist of an outer
membrane and an
inner membrane
with folds called
cristae
Cristae hold the
enzymes and
electron carriers of
aerobic respiration
Contain DNA and
prokaryotic
ribosomes

70S ribosomes
Matrix
Cristae

Inner membrane
Outer membrane

(a)

Cristae
(darker lines)
Matrix
(lighter spaces)

(b)

Don Fawcett/Visuals Unlimited

17

Internal Structures
Chloroplast
Convert the energy

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Chloroplast envelope
(double membrane)

of sunlight into
chemical energy
through
photosynthesis
Found in algae and
plant cells
Contains,
thylakoids, stacked Circular
DNA strand
into grana
Primary producers of
organic nutrients for
other organisms

70S ribosomes

Stroma matrix

Granum

Thylakoids

18

Internal Structures
Ribosomes
Composed of rRNA and proteins
Scattered in cytoplasm or associated with RER
Larger than prokaryotic ribosomes
Function in protein synthesis

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Small subunit
Ribosome
RER membrane
Protein being
synthesized

mRNA
Large subunit
Cisterna
19

Internal Structures
Cytoskeleton
Flexible framework of proteins, microfilaments and
microtubules form network throughout cytoplasm
Involved in movement of cytoplasm, amoeboid
movement, transport, and structural support
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Rough
endoplasmic
reticulum

Cell
membrane
Microtubule

Ribosomes

Mitochondrion
Microfilaments

(a)

Courtesy of Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA

(b)

20

Comparing Prokaryotes, Eukaryotes &

Viruses

21

Phylogenetic Relationships between

Eukaryotes
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Taxonomy Based on mRNA Analysis

Naegleria

as
a
on
ph
or
inm
Va
oon

Entamoeb
a

m
ho
ic
Tr

z
alito

Eukarya

ph
Ence

ma
arum noso
Phys
pa
Try
Euglena

Dicty
ostel
i um

Pa
ra
m
ec
Bab ium
esia

Gi
ar
di
a

EVOLUTIONARY ADVANCEMENT OF THE EUKARYOTES

)
us
in om
pr ro
Co ush
(m

Zea (corn)
Cryptomonas
Achlyaia
r
sta ra
Co phy
r
Po

(a)

Animals

Metazoa
Myxozoa
Choanoflagellates

Kingdom Animalia

True Fungi
(Eumycota)

Zygomycota
Ascomycota
Basidiomycota
Chytridiomycota
(chytrids)

Kingdom Eumycota

Plants

Ho
m
o

Land plants
Green algae
Cryptomonads

Red algae

Stramenopiles
(formerly
heterokonts
or chrysophytes)

Alveolates

Entamoebae

Universal
Ancestor

Kingdom Plantae
Kingdom Protista
Division Chlorophyta
Division Rhodophyta

Golden-brown and
yellow-green alga
Xanthophytes
Brown algae
Diatoms
Water molds
(Oomycota)

Division Chrysophyta

Ciliates
Colponema
Dinoflagellates
Haplosporidia
Apicomplexans

Phylum Ciliophora

Entamoebids
Amoeboflagellates
Kinetoplastids
Euglenids

Lack
mitochondria

(b)

Traditional Kingdoms
and Subcategories

Parabasilids (Trichomonas)
Diplomonads (Giardia)
Oxymonads
Microsporidia

Division Phaeophyta
Division Bacillariophyta

Division Pyrrophyta
Phylum Apicomplexa

Phylum Sarcomastigophora
Division Euglenophyta

Phylum Sarcomastigophora

22

Survey of Eukaryotic
Microbes
Fungi
Algae
Protozoa
Parasitic worms

23

Kingdom Fungi
100,000 species divided into 2 groups:
Macroscopic fungi (mushrooms, puffballs, gill
fungi)
Microscopic fungi (molds, yeasts)

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24
George Barron, University of Guelph, CANADA

Microscopic Fungi
Exist in two morphologies:
Yeast round ovoid shape, asexual reproduction
Hyphae long filamentous fungi or molds

Some exist in either form dimorphic

characteristic of some pathogenic molds

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Septum

Janice Carr/CDC

Dr. Judy A. Murphy, San Joaquin Delta College, Department of Microscopy, Stocton, CA

25

Fungal Nutrition
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

All are heterotrophic

Majority are harmless

saprobes living off dead

plants and animals

Some are parasites,

living on the tissues of

other organisms, but
none are obligate
Mycoses fungal
infections

(a)

Kathy Park Talaro

Extremely widespread
distribution in many
habitats

26
(b)

New Zealand Dermatological Society

Fungal Organization
Yeast soft, uniform texture and appearance
Reproduce through an asexual process called budding
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Bud

Bud scar

Bud

Ribosomes
Mitochondrion
Endoplasmic
reticulum

Nucleus

Bud scars

Nucleus
Nucleolus
Cell wall
Cell membrane
Golgi apparatus
Storage vacuole
(a)

Fungal (Yeast) Cell

(c)

Pseudohypha

27
(b)

Janice Carr/CDC

Fungal Organization
Filamentous fungi mass of hyphae called

mycelium; cottony, hairy, or velvety texture

Hyphae may be divided by cross walls septate
Vegetative hyphae digest and absorb nutrients
Reproductive hyphae produce spores for
reproduction

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Septa

As in Penicillium

Septate hyphae

Nonseptate hyphae

Septum with pores

Nucleus

Nuclei

28
As in Rhizopus

28

Fungal Reproduction
Primarily through spores formed on reproductive
hyphae

Asexual reproduction spores are formed through

budding or mitosis; conidia or sporangiospores
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

(a) Vegetative Hyphae

(b) Reproductive Hyphae

Surface
hyphae

Spores

Submerged
hyphae

Rhizoids
Spore
Germ tube
Substrate
Hypha

(c) Germination

(d)

George Barron, University of Guelph, CANADA

29

Types of Asexual Mold

Spores
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

(a) Sporangiospore

(b) Conidia
Arthrospores

Phialospores

Chlamydospores

Sporangium

Blastospores

Sterigma

Sporangiophore

Conidiophore

Columella
1

1
Sporangiospore

Macroconidia

Porospore

Microconidia
2

30

Diversity of Fungi
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

George Barron, University of Guelph, CANADA

Kathy Park Talaro

George Barron, University of Guelph, CANADA

Chytrid cells

Diatom cell
10.0 m
Gregory M. Filip

Joyce E. Longcore, University of Maine

31

Roles of Fungi
Adverse impact
Mycoses, allergies, toxin production
Destruction of crops and food storages

Beneficial impact
Decomposers of dead plants and animals
Sources of antibiotics, alcohol, organic acids,
vitamins
Used in making foods and in genetic studies

32

Human Fungal Infections

33

The Protists
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Algae - eukaryotic

Protozoa - unicellular
eukaryotes that lack
tissues and share
similarities in cell
structure, nutrition, life
cycle, and biochemistry

Traditional Kingdoms
and Subcategories

Animals

Metazoa
Myxozoa
Choanoflagellates

Kingdom Animalia

True Fungi
(Eumycota)

Zygomycota
Ascomycota
Basidiomycota
Chytridiomycota
(chytrids)

Kingdom Eumycota

Plants
EVOLUTIONARY ADVANCEMENT OF THE EUKARYOTES

organisms, usually
unicellular and colonial,
that photosynthesize
with chlorophyll a

Taxonomy Based on mRNA Analysis

Land plants
Green algae
Cryptomonads

Red algae

Stramenopiles
(formerly
heterokonts
or chrysophytes)

Alveolates

Entamoebae

Universal
Ancestor

Kingdom Protista
Division Chlorophyta
Division Rhodophyta

Golden-brown and
yellow-green alga
Xanthophytes
Brown algae
Diatoms
Water molds
(Oomycota)

Division Chrysophyta

Ciliates
Colponema
Dinoflagellates
Haplosporidia
Apicomplexans

Phylum Ciliophora

Entamoebids
Amoeboflagellates
Kinetoplastids
Euglenids

Lack
mitochondria

Kingdom Plantae

Parabasilids (Trichomonas)
Diplomonads (Giardia)
Oxymonads
Microsporidia

Division Phaeophyta
Division Bacillariophyta

Division Pyrrophyta
Phylum Apicomplexa

Phylum Sarcomastigophora
Division Euglenophyta

Phylum Sarcomastigophora

34

Algae
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Photosynthetic organisms
Microscopic forms are

Ribosomes

unicellular, colonial,
filamentous

Flagellum
Mitochondrion
Nucleus
Nucleolus

Macroscopic forms are

Chloroplast
Golgi
apparatus

colonial and multicellular

Cytoplasm
Cell membrane
Starch vacuoles

Contain chloroplasts with

chlorophyll and other
pigments

Cell wall

(a)

Algal Cell

Cell wall
May or may not have
flagella

35
Jan Hinsch/Photo Researchers, Inc

(b)

Algae
Most are free-living in

fresh and marine water

plankton

Provide basis of food web

in most aquatic habitats

Produce large proportion

of atmospheric O2

Dinoflagellates can

cause red tides and give

off toxins that cause food
poisoning with
neurological symptoms
36

Algae Classification
Classified according to types of pigments and cell wall
Used for cosmetics, food, and medical products

37

Protozoa
Most are harmless, free-living in a moist
habitat

Some are animal parasites and can be

spread by insect vectors

All are heterotrophic lack chloroplasts

Feed by engulfing other microbes and
organic matter

38

Protozoa
Most have locomotor

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

structures flagella, cilia, or

pseudopods

Exist as trophozoite motile

yin
Dr

Trophozoite
is reactivated.

k
ac

nt
rie

Many can enter into a

Cell rounds up,

loses motility.

l
g,

t
nu
of

feeding stage

Trophozoite
(active, feeding stage)

dormant resting stage when

conditions are unfavorable for
Cyst wall
growth and feeding cyst
breaks open.
e,
ur

nt
rie

st
oi
M

Early cyst wall

formation

s
ed
or
st
re

mitosis or multiple fission;

many also reproduce sexually
conjugation

t
nu

All reproduce asexually,

Mature cyst
(dormant, resting stage)

39

Protozoan Identification
Classification is difficult because of
diversity

Simple grouping is based on method of

motility, reproduction, and life cycle

1. Mastigophora primarily flagellar motility,

some flagellar and amoeboid; sexual

reproduction
2. Sarcodina primarily amoeba; asexual by
fission; most are free-living
3. Ciliophora cilia; trophozoites and cysts; most
are free-living, harmless
4. Apicomplexa motility is absent except male
gametes; sexual and asexual reproduction;
complex life cycle all parasitic

40

Mastigophora
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Flagellum

Ribosomes
Mitochondrion
Endoplasmic
reticulum
Nucleus
Pellicle
Nucleolus
Cell membrane
Golgi apparatus
Water vacuole
Centrioles

Cell membrane
Glycocalyx
(a)

Protozoan Cell

(b)

Janice Carr/CDC

41

Sarcodina
Food vacuoles
Nucleus

(a)

Pseudopods

Contractile
vacuoles

(b)

David Patterson/MBL/Biological Discovery in Woods Hole

42

42

Ciliophora
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Food
vacuoles
Oral cilia
in groove
Macronucleus
Micronucleus
Gullet
Water
vacuole
(a)

Eric Russell, BioMEDIA ASSOCIATES

(b)

Yuuji Tsukii, Protist Information Server

43

43

Apicomplexa
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Cytostome

Cytostome
(mouth)
Food
vacuole
Endoplasmic
reticulum

Food vacuoles

Nucleus

Cell membrane

Nucleus

Mitochondrion

(a)

(b)

ASM

Michael Riggs et al, Infection and Immunity, Vol. 62, #5, May 1994, p. 1931

44

44

Pathogenic Protozoa

45

Important Protozoan
Pathogens

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Pathogenic
flagellates

Trypanosomes
Trypanosoma

Reduviid
bug
Cycle in
Human
Dwellings

T. brucei African
sleeping sickness
T. cruzi Chagas
disease; South
America

(a) Infective
Trypanosome

(b) Mode of
infection
Cycle in
the Wild

46

Pathogens
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Cysts in
food, water

Infective amoebas
Entamoeba
histolytica amebic
dysentery; worldwide

(a)

Stomach

Trophozoites
released

Mature
trophozoites

(b)

(c)

Large
intestine
site of
infection

Small
intestine

Eaten

Mature cysts

Cysts exit

(d)
Food,
water

Feces

47

47

Parasitic Helminths
Multicellular animals, organs for

reproduction, digestion, movement,

protection

Parasitize host tissues

Have mouthparts for attachment to or
digestion of host tissues

Most have well-developed sex organs that

produce eggs and sperm

Fertilized eggs go through larval period in

or out of host body

48

Major Groups of Parasitic

Helminths
1. Flatworms flat, no definite body cavity;
digestive tract a blind pouch; simple
excretory and nervous systems

Cestodes (tapeworms)
Trematodes or flukes, are flattened,

nonsegmented worms with sucking mouthparts

2. Roundworms (nematodes) round, a

complete digestive tract, a protective

surface cuticle, spines and hooks on
mouth; excretory and nervous systems
poorly developed
49

Helminth Classification and

Identification
Classify according to shape, size, organ development,
presence of hooks, suckers, or other special structures, mode
of reproduction, hosts, and appearance of eggs and larvae

Identify by microscopic detection of worm, larvae, or eggs

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Oral sucker
Esophagus
Ventral
sucker

Pharynx
Intestine

Cuticle
Uterus
Cuticle

Ovary
Testes

Scolex

(a)

Proglottid

Suckers

Immature eggs

Fertile eggs

Vas deferens

(b)

Seminal
receptacle

Excretory
bladder

50

Distribution and Importance of

Parasitic Worms
Approximately 50 species parasitize humans
Distributed worldwide; some restricted to
certain geographic regions with higher
incidence in tropics

Acquired through ingestion of larvae or eggs

in food; from soil or water; some are carried
by insect vectors

Afflict billions of humans

51

Lifecycle of the Pinworm

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Copulatory
spicule
Mouth

Female

Anus

Eggs

Male

Selfinfection
Cuticle Mouth
Fertile
egg

Crossinfection

Autoinoculation

52