Professional Documents
Culture Documents
MANAGEMENT
D.HARSHA
WATER
2/3rd
of human
body
7/10th of world
HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE
HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE
HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE
HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE
HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE
Volume of
water
(1012 CUM)
Oceans
Ice-caps and glaciers
Groundwater and soil moisture
Fresh Water lakes
Saline Water
Rivers
Atmosphere
13,50,400
26,000
7,150
125
105
1.7
13
Total
13,84,000
Total
Water
(%)
97.6
1.9
0.5
0.009
0.008
0.0001
0.001
100.0
FRESH WATER
ALL WATER
20.00%
2.40%
0.80%
79.20%
Frozen water
Ground water
Surface & Atmospheric water
97.60%
Salt Water
Fresh water
93.95%
Lakes
Atmospheric
Rivers (Storage)
1947
Population
2000
343 million
2050
1000 million
1500million
Rapid
urbanization,
Industrialization
&
growth
of
Agricultural Sector has resulted in an increase in the
demand
of
water.
1997 98
Total Water requirement
629 BCM
(187%)
Availability
1122 BCM
2050
1180 BCM
1122
BCM
because
of
6
3
50
500
pH
6.5-8.5
Free ammonia(mg/l) maximum
Conductivity(micro mho/cm) maximum
Sodium absorption ration maximum
Boron (mg/l) maximum
Notes:
6.5-8.5
5
3
5,000
6.0-9.0
6.5-8.5
1.2
6.5-8.5
2,250
26
2
Upper segment
Delhi segment
Dissolved oxygen(mg/I)
7.95
1.41
BOD (mg/I)
3.7
17.2
270
563
13,000
9,000,000
RAINWATER HARVESTING
In order to arrest ground water decline, one of the methods for
management of water resource is rainwater harvesting.
Rainwater harvesting (RWH) leads to:
Water recharge in aquifers
Conservation of surface water run off during monsoons
Reduction in power consumption
Arresting sea water ingress.
Quantum of Rainwater can be captured over an area of 1 hectare 10.0 lakh litres
[with an average Rainfall of 100mm)
Assuming 50% of this water is Harvestable and considering water requirement as
15 litres/head/day for drinking and cooking
No. Of persons will be served with this water 5,00,000 /15*365 = 91 persons
The well water in porbandar, owing to its vicinity to the sea, is brackish,
hard and unfit for cooking. Rainwater thus therefore, collected and stored
in the underground reservoir for use the year round.
The terrace on the top floor, carefully washed before the first monsoon
showers, served as catchment for the water , running down a pipe straight
into the tank.
A heap of lime at mouth of the pipe served to filter and purify the water.
WATER POLLUTION
A. PETROLEUM PRODUCTS
Oil, Fuel, Lubricants etc. gets into water by accidental spills from
ships, tankers, pipe lines and leaky underground storage tanks.
They
are
poisonous
if
ingested
by
animals.
Quickly decay
Non-biodegradable Chemicals
C. HEAVY METALS
Such
as
Copper, lead, mercury and Selenium get into
water from many sources including industries,
automobile
Fertilizer and other nutrient used in garden may find their way to
water
At first they encourage growth of plants and algae in water
When they die and settle at bottom, micro organisms decompose
them.
In the process DO is consumed.Oxygen level drops to such
dangerously low levels that Oxygen
dependent animal in the
water die
This process of depleting oxygen to deadly levels is called
eutrophication
E. SEDIMENTS
Sediments can damage a stream or lake by introducing too much
nutrient matter. This leads to eutrophication. Sedimentation can
also cover streambed gravel in which many fish, such as salmon and
trout, lay their eggs.
F. THERMAL POLLUTION
Water is used as coolant in factories and power plants. Warm water
is
return
back
to
the
water
body.
Even small temperature changes in a body of water can drive away
the fish and other species that were originally present, and attract
other
species
in
place
of
them.
Thermal pollution can accelerate biological processes in plants and
animals or deplete oxygen levels in water. The result may be fish
and other wildlife deaths near the discharge source.
Thermal pollution can also be caused by the removal of trees and
vegetation that shade and cool streams.
WATER POLLUTION
The maximum value of BOD is very high ( and increasing too) from
the allowed limit of 3mg/L.
RIVER POLLUTION
List of Polluted River Stretches:
River
Polluted stretch
Desired
class
Existing
class
Critical
Parameters
DO, BOD,
Coliform
from Ahmedabad
D/E
-do-
Godavari Downstream to
Nasik and Nanded
D/E
BOD
Krishna
Karad to Sangli
D/E
BOD
Sutlej
Downstream of
Ludhiana to Haike
D/E
DO, BOD
Industrial wastes from
hosieries, tanneries, electroplating and engineering
industries and domestic
waste from Ludhiana and
Polluted stretch
Desired
class
Existing
class
Saharapur to
C
D
confluence with Yamauna
Critical
Parameters
Ghaziabad
Chambal Downstream of Nagda
and Kota
D/E
Damodar
D/E
BOD
Lucknow to confluence C
with Ganges
D/E
wastes
Kali
BOD
Downstream of
Dhanbad
Asansol,
Gomti
Downstream of
C
D/E
Modinagar to confluence
modinagar
with Ganges
Water should be made available to water short areas by transfer from one
river basin to another basin on national prospective after
taking into
consideration
the
requirement
of
area.
Origin of Ganges
Destination
Length of Traverse
Towns in Ganga basin
On the bank
Average Population Density
BOD
Important cities
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
Gangothri,Himalayas
Ganga Sagar, Bay of Bengal
2500 KM
700Nos
27 Nos
300 Persons per Sq. Km
Never falls below 5 Mg/lit
Kanpur,Calcutta,Banaras,
Allahabad
POLLUTION AT GANGES
At Rishikesh
:
IDPL
Hardwar
:
BHEL
Kanpur
:
70 Tanneries
Varanasi
:
60 million litres of untreated sewage
West Bengal :
87 Jute Mills
12 Textile Mills
7 Tanneries
5 Paper & Pulp Factory
Barauni to Farakka :
250 km stretch
1980 Study :
14000 million litres sewage.
250 million litre Industrial sewage are dumped per day.
Unburnt bodies
(human as well as animals)
Harmful residual pesticides
(contd..)
POLLUTION AT GANGES(Contd)
Silting is another major problems.
Massive Deforestation has resulted into the rich top soil carried
away to sea.
The silt deposit raise river beds causing floods during monsoons.
It is estimated that 40% of travails of Ganga arise due to silting.
Type of Schemes
1.
40
(40)
17
(17)
12
(13)
Total
30
(31)
3
(7)
87
(88)
14
(15)
29
(35)
14
(14)
7
(7)
22
(22)
43
(43)
Electric Crematoria
3
(3)
8
(8)
17
(17)
28
(28)
8
(8)
3
(3)
24
(24)
35
(35)
Other Schemes
28
(28)
1
(3)
32
105
(106)
41
(45)
Total
108
(110)
(1)
(32)
254
(261)
Launched in 1995
Number of Units
Grossly
Polluting
units
ETPs
Installed
Closed
ETPs under
Construction
ETPs not
Functioning
properly
Haryana
56
47
--
18
West Bengal
96
77
16
33
Uttar Pradesh
117
96
21
--
Delhi
428
80
--
--
--
Bihar
35
35
--
--
Total
732
335
46
62
Water was one of the core issues addressed during WSSD 2000.
Partnership were formed for action. WSSD states the following.
Annual Production
1950-51
1992-93
1995-96
0.534 m.t.
2.576 m.t.
2.8 m.t.
1908
1950
1958
1972
1974
1976
1978
1980
1982
1986
1991
1991
1991
Prediction Systems(COMPAS)
Project
1995
substances.
1995
1996
1997
1998
1997 1998
1998
Project)
Ninth
Plan
Department of Ocean,
Development (DOD)programme
to assess living resources beyond
70m depth
2000
ICMAN
The Department of Ocean Development (DOD) was established in 1981.
DOD formulated the first Ocean Policy Statement(OPS)
OPS emphasis on sustainable exploitation of living and non-living resources.
DOD introduced Integrated Coastal and Marine Area Management(ICMAN)
Activities of ICMAN
Development of GIS-based information systems for critical habitats containing all information
necessary to prepare management plans.
Determination of waste assimilation capacity at selected estuaries.
Development of EIA guidelines for major coastal developmental activities and process
Determination of No Impact Zone for Pulicat and Coringa.
User classification of coastal zones for future developmental activities.
Infrastructure development for capacity building in ICMAM through training.
MARINE POLLUTION
Raw sewage and sludge released into rivers and coastal habitats by many
countries, leading to growth of plants and increased BOD and lowering DO.
Toxic substances from Industries are introduced into the marine environment.
Heavy metal and toxic waste will affect human directly or indirectly thru
consumption of fish.
Oil Spill Ingestion of oil by fishes, birds and other animal leads to death
Plastic wastes Mistaken for food by fishes, these fish get strangulated.
OIL SPILLS
January 1969, blow out from oil well in the SANTA BARBARA channel covered miles of
ocean surface smeared beaches with 2 inches layer of crude oil. Leak continued for more
than a year.
March 1978, oil tanker ran around rocks spilled 2,30,000 Ton of oil shipment from England
to France.
In 1989, the wreck of Tanker Exxon Valdaz spilled 10 million gallons of crude oil in Alaska.
Oil discharged on ocean surface forms into slick and floats over ocean surface and if it get
absorbed on solid particles it sinks. The floating and suspended oil is absorbed by tiny
organisms.
Since tiny organisms are part of food chain, the other higher forms of marine life feed upon
them and successively pass the oil pollutants to higher levels in marine mammals, birds
and man.
Burning of oil
Emulsifying the oil and leaving its dispensed by the tides and wave
MINAMATA DISEASE
Minamata is a town in the Islands of Japan.
The Chisso Company was producing acetaldehyde by passing
acetylene gas using mercury as catalyst, leaving methyl mercury as
a bye product. This effluent was discharged in the sea. People got
poisoned when they ate methyl mercury contaminated fish.
First human victim was reported in 1956. It affects the brain and
nervous system. Before that cats and birds were affected.
1965 another epidemic occurred when SHOWA DENKO Corporation,
KANOSE Factory discharged Methyl mercury waste in Agona River.
In 1992,
2945 individual certified as M.M.D victim
1343 died
13,746 denied certification
Like Bhopal gas leak case, even after 25 years victims seeking
compensation
protested
in
front
of
Chisso
Company.
Company
Stopped
installed
waste
manufacturing
treatment
equipment
acetaldehyde
by
in
1966
1968.