ULTRASONOGRAPHY

ULTRASONOGRAPHY
Introduction-
certain substances posses the property of
emitting high frequency sound waves
when excited by electric stimulus. these
are called piezo-electric substance and
this property is known as piezo-electric
effect.
They can also receive high frequency
sound waves and convert them into
electrical impulse.
 The commonly used piezo-electric substance are
lead zirconate titanate.
 This disc is excited by two electrodes.
 The ultrasound beam is focused by either a sonic
lens or by a concave-surfaced transducer disc.
 The same transducer is used as a receiver that converts
the reflected ultrasound waves in electrical energy.
 If ultrasound is to generate as a continuous beam then
two transducer are mounted side by side, one to
produce and other to receive wavers.
 The piezo-electric substance, are mounted on the
transducer, is placed on the patients skin.
 This is excited by electric stimuli and high frequency
sound waves pass into the abdomen.these sound waves
are absorbed,ulternated,reflected,transmited and
reflected by various tissue layer and organs of the
body.the reflected sound waves are picked up by the
same transducer probe and convertad into an electrical
signal which forms an image on the cathode ray
oscilloscope.
 Usually,cystic structure allow the sound
waves to pass through and minimally
attenuate the sound beam while solid
substances allow a few sound waves to
pass through them.the sound waves are
normally either reflected or absorbed
 Thus,ultrasonography helps to
distinguish between solid and cystic
substances.
Low frequency transducer
 It having a high focal length and are
used to examine deeper organ in the
body,e.g.examination of the abdomen
using 3.5 MH probe.
 High frequency transducer-having low
focal length and are used for
examination of superficial organs, e.g.in
ophthalmic sonography,thyroid scan,
scrotal scan. breast scan etc.
 DISPLAYS
1. A-Scan-echoes are recorded as vertical deflection of
the spot on the cathod-ray oscilloscope.
2. B-Scan-(brightness modulation)-Echoes are shown as
bright dots along the baseline of the cathod-ray
oscilloscope.a gray scale display is used,where the
brightness of the dots on the scan is proportional to
the strength of the returning echose.
3. Time position (M-mode)-used entirely in
echocardiography.as 2-D echois not available,M-Mode
is not widely used now.
4. Real time display-the image is seen as a dynamic
display.
most modern machines are a B scan,grey scale,real
time display
Types of probe

1. Linear probe
2. Sector probe
3. Convex probe
4. Compound probe
5. Radial probe
6. Special applicationprobe
advantages
1. Ultrasound imagine is non-
ionizing and non-invasive, it can
therefore be used in pregnancy
2. Very cheap
3. Portable
4. Widely available
5. Excellent guiding for FNAC and
draining abscess.
disadvantage
1. It is a real time study, so it is operator
dependent
2. Operator’s skill is very important.
3. It cannot image bone and structure
beyond bones.
4. Limited use in thorax and partly so in
the abdomen
5. Since it will not pass through gases.
6. The sound waves get reflected by gas
shadows