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CHAPTER # 1
Rotary Drilling Rigs
Objective
To familiarize the student with
(1) the basic rotary drilling equipment and operational
procedures.
(2) introduce the student to drilling cost evaluation.
Drilling Team
Large companies vs. small
Specialized skills
Service companies
Types of Wells
(1)
(2)
Types of Wells...
Rig electrician
Company man
Roust abouts
Head roust about is the crane operator
Mud engineer
Casing crew
Cementing service
Legal Group: secures drilling rights
Surveyors: establish and stake well location
Drilling Contractor (Bid basis)
Cost per Foot drilling in area is routine.
Cost per Day unknown area
Location Preparation
Water Wells
Types of Wells...
Contractor
Service Company
Consultants
Rigs
Marine
Land
Bottom
Support
FLoating
Semi/
Submersible
Platform
Self
-Contained
Barge
Jackup
Tendered
Drill ship
Conventional
Jacknife
(Deeper)
Mobile
Portable
Mast (Small)
(Small
1. Land Rigs
As the name implies, these rigs are primarily used on
land; however, some have been transported offshore for
structure rig assignments. Most land rigs have to be
transported to location in sections, but some are selfcontained, permanently mounted on trucks. On location
they are usually set up on a board mat with a substructure
of 8 to 40 feet high, and a few are capable of drilling holes
to 30,000+ feet.
2. Inland Barges
Inland Barges are composed of two types:
a.
3. Submersible Rigs
These rigs are towed on location and are capable of working in
water depths from 18 to 70 feet. They are composed of an upper
deck and lower hull connected by beams. On some types a large
bottle, or something similar, is located on each corner of the rig for
stability. These bottles, as well as the lower hull itself, are filled
with water to set the rig on bottom and stabilize against movement.
4. Jack-up Rigs
These rigs are normally towed on location, but a few are selfpropelled. They are composed of an upper deck supported by
either three or more legs attached to mats or spud cans and are
capable of working in water depths from 30 to 350 feet. These
mats or cans rest on the ocean floor with the deck jacked up into
drilling position. There are two common types of jack-up rigs;
Bethlehem and Letourneau. The former uses stabilized column
legs attached to mats while the latter uses three, truss-type legs
mounted on spudcans.
5. Semi-Submersible
These rigs can be towed on location, or some types are
self-propelled. They are capable of drilling in water depths
of 20 to 2,000+ feet. The rig itself remains stationary in the
drilling position by a series of anchors (usually two
connected at each corner of the rig) positioned on the ocean
floor at a distance away from the rig. It should also be
noted that some Semis can be used as a submersible rig.
6. Drill Ships
Drill ships are self-propelled drilling vessels capable of
drilling in water depths of 18 to 2,000+ feet. There are two
basic types of drill ships - one that positions itself with
anchors and one that uses dynamic positioning.
7. Structure Rigs
Structure rigs are mounted on a fixed platform with all
drilling equipment secured on deck. The rig itself is
capable of changing positions on the structure;
however, the structure is permanently based and
designed to last many years. Structures are capable of
being set in water depths of 10 to 850+ feet. Structure
set-ups usually follow a successful exploratory program
in order that many development wells can be drilled
from one location. These wells are almost always
directional.
T = 2N.F.r
Where,
P
T
N
=
=
=
=
(1.1)
(hp)
(1.2)
(1.3)
= 397.5 hp
33,000 ft lbf / hp
Solution:
1hour
60 min utes
= 3.78 lbm/min
The total heat energy consumed by the engine is given by Eq.
1.2:
Qi= wf H
= 1,695.4 hp.
Thus, the overall efficiency of the engine at 1,200 rpm given
by Eq. 1.3 is
P
397.5
Et
Components of
the hoisting
system
Principal Function:
To provide a mechanical advantage which permits easier
handling of large loads.
W
Ff
M= Mechanical advantage
F = tension in the fast line
(1.5)
Pn = W.Vb
(1.6)
Vb
Vb
Vf
n
Vf
h
Ph ( nF f ) (V f / n )
E
1
Pi
Ff V f
no friction
Power efficiency is
E
W
Ff n
actual system
(1.7)
Fd
= W + Ff + Fs
Fd
Fs
W W
1 E En
Fd W
W
En n
En
fast
dead
(1.8a)
(1.8b)
Solution:
(i) the power efficiency of n=8 is given as 0.841 in Table 1.2.
The tension in the fast line is given by Eq. 1.7.
W 300,000
Ff
44,590lbf
En 0.841(8)
hp
300,000lbf
Ph
vb
420.5hp
= 46.3 ft/min
90 ft
1.9 min
46.3 ft / min
Fd
1 0.841 0.841(8)
(300,000)
0.841(8)
= 382,090 lbf
84
n4
Fde
(300,000) 450,000lbf
W
8
n
(vi) The derrick efficiency factor is
Fd 382,090
Ed
0.849 or 84.9% Answer
Fde 450,000
Drawworks
Provide the hoisting and braking power required to raise or
lower the heavy strings of the pipe.
Principle Parts
The drums
The brakes
The transmission
The catheads
Rotary System...
3. Slips:
During making up a joint slips are used to prevent drillstring
from falling in hole.
4. Rotary Drive:
Provides the power to turn the rotary table.
* Power Sub:
can be used to connect casing.
5. Drill Pipe:
Specified by
(a) Outer Diameter
(b) Weight per foot
(c) Steel grade
(d) Range Length
Range
Length (ft)
1 18 to 22
2 27 to 30
3 38 to 45
Rotary System...
* Tool Joint:
6. Drill Collar:
Thick walled heavy steel pipe used to apply weight to the bit.
* Stabilizer Subs : Keep drill collars centralized.
* Capacity : Volume per unit Length.
2
d
4
2
Aa ( d 2 d12 )
4
2
As ( d1 d 2 )
4
Ap
= Capacity of pipe
(1.13)
= Capacity of annulus
(1.14)
= Displacement
(1.15)
Rotary System...
Rotary System...
2 2 gal
Ap d in.
3
4
231in.
bbl
42 gal
12in d 2
bbl / ft
ft 1,029.4
Rotary System...
0.01766 bbl ft
1,029.4
0.00735 bbl ft
1,029.4
Rotary System...
0.0704 bbl ft
1,029.4
0.0326 bbl ft
1,029.4
Answer
Duplex
Triplex
Heavy
Light
Bulky
More Compact
High Output Pressure
Lower
Pulsation
Without Pulsation
Require more Maint. Cheaper to Operate
Circulating System...
Advantages
(1) Ability to move high solid content fluids
(2) Ability to move large particles
(3) Ease to operation and maintenance
(4) Reliability
(5) Ability to operate over wide range of pressure s and flow rates by
changing the diameters of the pump liners and pistons.
Overall Pump Efficiency =Mechanical Efficiency x Volumetric Efficiency
Em= Mechanical Efficiency ~ 90%
Ev= Volumetric Efficiency ~ 100%
Circulating System...
Circulating System...
Circulating System
Circulating System...
Pump Displacement
(1) Double Acting
Figure 1.25 (a)
dr = Piston rod diameter
dL= Liner diameter
Ls= Stroke Length (Stroke = one complete pump revolution).
(1.10)
(for
(2)
Triplex Acting
Figure 1.25(b)
(1.11)
q=flow rate = Fp . N
(Where N = no. of cycles per unit time)
(1.12)