Definition

is difficult.

State of complete

physical, mental, and social

well-being, not merely the
absence of disease or
infirmity (WHO, 1947)
World Health Organization

 Healthy

People: The Surgeon Generals Report on

Health Promotion and Disease Prevention, 1979
Introduced national goals for improving the health of
Americans by 1990

Healthy

People 2000: National Health Promotion and

Disease Prevention Objectives

Healthy

People 2010

Healthy

People 2020 (current version)

 Health

is more than the absence

of disease!

state of complete physical,

mental, and social well-being,
not merely the absence of
disease or infirmity (WHO, 1947)

state of being that people

define in relation to their own
values, personality, and lifestyle

 Attain high-quality longer lives free of preventable

diseases, disability, injury, and premature death
Achieve health equity, eliminate disparities
Create social and physical environments that promote
good health for all
Promote quality of life, healthy development, and
healthy behaviors across all life stages.

 Health

beliefs are a persons ideas, convictions,

and attitudes about health and illness.

Health

beliefs can negatively or positively

influence health behavior or health practices.

Health

beliefs and practices are influenced by

internal and external variables and should be
considered when planning care.

Internal Factors

Developmental Stage
Intellectual Background
Perception of Functioning
Emotional Factors
Spiritual Factors

External Factors

Family Practices
Socioeconomic Factors
Cultural Background

Health Belief Model

Attempts to meet the

Addresses the relationship

patients basic needs

between a persons beliefs

and behaviors

Health Promotion Model

Directed at increasing a

patients level of well-being

Basic Human Needs Model

Holistic Health Model

Attempts to create

conditions that promote

optimal health

 Addresses

relationship between a persons beliefs

and behaviors.
3 Components:
Individuals Perception of susceptibility to an illness.
Perception of seriousness of the illness
Likelihood that person will take action. Results from a

persons perception of the benefits and barriers to

taking action.

 Defines

health as a positive dynamic state not just

absence of disease.
Focuses on:
Individual characteristics and experiences
Behavior specific knowledge and affect
Behavioral outcomes

Each

persons unique personal characteristics affect

subsequent actions.
Variables can be modified through nursing actions,
with health-promoting behavior the desired outcome.

 Recognize

the innate healing abilities of the body

and incorporate complementary and alternative
therapies
Ayurveda
Chiropractic
Chinese Medicine
Homeopathy
Naturopathy
Massage Therapy

state in which a persons physical, emotional, intellectual,

social, developmental, or spiritual functioning is diminished
or impaired compared with previous experience.

Primary Prevention (True Prevention): We use primary prevention

methods before the person gets the disease.
Goals of Primary Prevention:
aims to prevent the disease from occurring.
reduces both the incidence and prevalence of a disease

Examples:

Health education programs

Immunizations
physical and nutritional fitness
Sunscreen Education

Secondary Prevention:
Focuses on individuals experiencing health problems or illnesses

and who are at risk for developing complications or worsening

conditions (person may not even know anything is wrong)

Goal:
The goal of secondary prevention is to find and treat disease

early

Example:
Screening for cancer

Tertiary Prevention: When a defect or disability is permanent or

irreversible
targets the person who already has symptoms of the disease
Goals of tertiary prevention are:
prevent damage and pain from the disease
slow down the disease
prevent the disease from causing other problems (These are called

"complications.")
give better care to people with the disease
Minimizes the effects of disability by preventing complications and
deterioration.

Example:
Rehabilitation after surgery, Development of new treatments/ medications

Variables that increase the

vulnerability of an
individual or a group to an
illness or accident
Risk factors include:

Genetic and physiological

factors
Age
Environment
Lifestyle

Precontemplation

Not intending to make

Actively engaged in

changes within the next

6 months

within the next 6 months

strategies to change
behavior; lasts up to 6
months

Contemplation
Considering a change

Preparation
Making small changes in

preparation for a change

in the next month

Action

Maintenance stage
Sustained change over

time; begins 6 months

after action has started
and continues indefinitely

Internal factors

External Factors

Perception of
cause of
symptoms
(serious or not)

Chronic or Acute

Coping skills

(cancer or chickenpox)

Social Network
(trust or mistrust the
system, support new
lifestyle changes or
no?)

Internal Locus of

control
External Locus of
control

Visibility of
symptoms

Economics

Leininger Trans-Cultural Caring Theory -describes the concept of

care as the essence and central, unifying and dominant domain that distinguishes
nursing from other health disciplines.

Stresses culturally specific caring (reflect caring the way the

person understands it)

Watsons Trans-Personal Caring Theory-

is a holistic model for

nursing that suggests that a conscious intention to care promotes healing and
wholeness.

Emphasizes the nurse-patient relationship. Caring is expressed

through a caring connection that the nurse expresses towards

the patient. Both the nurse and the patient are transformed
and healing is promoted (caring has a spiritual aspect).

 Swansons Theory of caring

5 Caring Categories/Processes:
Knowing (understand event as it has meaning in life of

another)
Being with (emotionally present)
Doing For (as the person would if they could)
Enabling (facilitating the other persons passage through a
lifes event)
Maintaining Belief (hope-filled attitude/ realistic optomisim)

Consider how
patients perceive
caring

Caring is a moral
covenant (ethic of
care)

Holistic &
Humanistic

Providing Presence

Spiritual Care

Touch

Relieving Pain and

Suffering

Listening

Family Care

Knowing the Patient