Entropy Balance

Entropy Balance
Sin Sout + Sgen = Ssystem
Ssystem = Sfinal Sinitial
Ssystem = 0 if the state of the
system does not change.
example: steady-flow devices.

Energy and
entropy balances.

Entropy Transfer, Sin and Sout

By heat transfer
the only method of entropy
transfer for a closed system.

Heat transfer always results in entropy transfer of Q/Tb.

If temperature of the
boundary is not constant,
then need to integrate or
sum.

Entropy Transfer, Sin and Sout

By heat transfer

the only method of entropy transfer for a

closed system.
If two systems are in contact, -Sout1 = Sin2
since there is no boundary.

By work
Swork = 0

Can be used to define the difference

between work and heat transfer.

Entropy is generated in
the system by friction.

However, state of system

changes so entropy
changes. How?

Entropy Transfer, Sin and Sout

By mass flow
only for an open system.
Smass = ms

Mass contains entropy as well as energy so produces both

entropy and energy transfer.

Entropy Generation, Sgen

Sgen is a measure of the entropy created
by irreversibilities.
Sgen is zero only for reversible processes.
so for reversible processes, the entropy
balance is like the energy balance.

Sgen is withing the system boundary only.

so if Sgen = 0 then process is internally
reversible but maybe not externally
reversible.

For total Sgen must look at system and

its immediate surroundings.

When evaluating the

entropy transfer
between an extended
system and its
surroundings,
boundary temp is
environment temp.

Entropy Balance for Closed Systems

No entropy transfer from mass.
Qk/Tk + Sgen = S2 S1

If adiabatic, Sgen = S2 S1
For system and surroundings,
(an adiabatic system)
Sgen = Ssystem + Ssurroundings

Should start from the general

form and whittle it down.

Entropy Balance for Control Volumes

Again, should start with general

entropy balance equation and
whittle it down.
Qk/Tk + misi mese + Sgen = (S2
S1)system
If a steady-flow device:
Qk/Tk + misi mese + Sgen = 0

Example 6-17 Entropy generation in a wall and in its surroundings

First take wall as system. Entropy balance is:
Qk/Tk + misi mese + Sgen = (S2 S1)system
Sgen = 1035 W/278 K 1035 W/293 K = .191 W/K
Next take wall and surroundings
as system. How does our
entropy balance change?
Just different temperatures to
divide by.
Sgen,total = .341 W/K
The sgen is due to heat transfer
through a T.

Example 6-18 Entropy Generation Through a Throttling Valve

Take the throttling valve as system. Entropy balance is:
Qk/Tk + misi mese + Sgen = (S2 S1)system

Assumptions?

From energy balance: if Q = 0 and W = 0, then h2 = h1.

sgen = (s2 s1) = .3691 kJ/kgK
The sgen is caused
by unrestrained
expansion.

Example 6-19 A Hot Block in a Lake

S of the iron?

Siron = mCavln(T2/T1) = -12.65 kJ/K

S of the lake?

Slake = Qlake/Tlake = 16.97 kJ/K

Total Sgen?

Sgen = Siron + Slake = 4.32 kJ/K

Example 6-21 Entropy Generation Associated with Heat Transfer

What do we take as a system?
What are our assumptions?
With the water as our system, isothermal, internally reversible..
What is Sgen? What is S of the system?
How do we get the total Sgen
for this process?
System?
Where is the entropy generated?
How can a wall be 100C on one
side and 25C on the other?