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Electric Charge:
Terms:
Insulator: Material that does not allow electrons to freely
flow through it (Ex: plastic, rubber, glass)
Conductor: Material that does allow electrons to freely flow
through it (Ex: metals)
How does an object obtain a net charge (uneven
amounts of protons and electrons)?
It always either gains or loses electrons. Protons never
move to or from an object under normal conditions.
Ways to transfer electrons
(Ex: the shock you feel when you touch
Friction
your car after you have just driven it)
Conduction (Ex: direct contact with a charged object)
Induction (Ex: obtaining a charge due to the
influence of nearby charged object
Charging by Conduction
Charging by Induction
Uncharged
Conductor
Negative charges
migrate towards
positively charged
objects
Fe Fe
Attractive Forces Result
Uncharged
Conductor
Negative charges
migrate away from
negatively charged
objects
Fe Fe
Attractive Forces Result
q1 = proton = 1 / 6.3x1018C
good # to remember
-19
q1 = 1.6x10 C
q2 = electron = -1.6x10-19C
9
2
2
-19
-19
Fe = (9.0x10 Nm /C )(1.6x10 C)(-1.6x10 C)
(.53x10-10 m)2
Fe = 8.2 x 10-8 N
b) Fg part:
Apply Universal Law of Gravitation Fg =
G m 1 m2
r2
-11
2
2
-27
-31
(6.67x10
Nm
/kg
)(1.67x10
kg)(9.11x10
kg)
Fg =
(.53x10-10m)2
Fe is much
Fg = 3.6 x 10-47 N
Fe/Fg = 2.3 x 1039 larger force
than Fg
Electric Fields
Approximate
Strength of
2
Surface Area (m ) field (lines/m2)
12 m2
12/12
2
1
1/2
2
48 m
12/48
2
1/3
2
108 m
12/108
1/r2
k q1 q2
r2
Proportional to
product of charges
Proportional to inverse
of distance squared
Fe = kq1 q2
r2
Fe = E1 q2
[ ]
E1 = electric field
caused by object 1 (N/C)
g1 = gravitational field
caused by object 1 (N/kg)
or (m/s2)
E and g
Not forces
Are vectors
Similar concepts
Different units
E1
r2=8.0cm
q2
+50C
Calculate E1 at P
E1 = k q1
r2
9
2
2
-6
E1 = (9.0x10 Nm /C )(-25x10 C)
(2.0x10-2m)2
E1 = 5.6x108 N/C (left)
A second charge is placed in the vicinity of P.
Calculate E2 at P.
E2 = 7.0x107 N/C (left)
ET (at P) = E1 + E2
ET = 6.3 x108 N/C (left)
Work is
being
done in
two
places.
Can you
name
them?