KURSUS ASAS REKABENTUK SISTEM

PAM PENGAIRAN PERTANIAN

24 26 FEBRUARI 2015
IPMI UTARA

ASAS REKABENTUK PAM

Pengenalan Kepada Sistem Pengairan Pertanian

Penentuan Kadar Alir ( Flow)
Penentuan Kehilangan Turus (Head Loss)
Pengiraan Sistem Curve
Match System And Pump Curves
Select Pump Curves
Size Infrastructures
Determine Electrical Systems Control
Aksesori

WHAT IS IRRIGATION?
Application of water to soil by providing it
to crop filled land.
To assist in crop production.
Sustain plant life.
Protecting crops from frost.

Goal: To make land fertile and lush.

Focus : Profitability energy optimization
and better use of water resources.

FLOOD IRRIGATION
Half of the water applied to the field actually
irrigates the crops and the other half is lost
through evaporation, runoff, transpiration,
weeds, and infiltration of uncultivated areas.
The efficiency of flood irrigation is not very
high.
Important concerns :
Distribution uniformity.
Field flooding
Environmental impact of crops.

FLOOD IRRIGATION
Furrow Irrigation
Water is directed or
pumped into a
number of furrows,
which are then
flooded.
Gravity flow channel.
Requires lot of water.
Common irrigation
techniques in tropical
area.

MODERN PRESSURISED IRRIGATION

SPRINKEL IRRIGATION

Artificial Rain
Uniform application.
Two common types:
Fixed sprinkler
Travelling
sprinkler

DRIP IRRIGATION

Water and nutrients

are applied directly
to the root zone.
Eg: Hydrophonics
Lot of maintenance
clogging.

IRRIGATION PUMP
CRUCIAL CRITERIA
Availability of water
Type of water
Volume of water

Crops need for water

Source of Water
Common preception of water - Water
was an infinite resource.
Water resources need to be
managed.
Surface water drawn from rivers,
canals, lake or reservoir.
Different source of water different
type of pumps been used.

SOURCE OF WATER
Water availability on earth:
3% is fresh or 1% available for use
70% is held in the ice caps
30% is available as groundwater of
from lakes and streams.

GROUNDWATER
PROS:
Most reliable water source on earth
Correct management is vital
Groundwater measurement are fairly complicated,
because its flow is hidden.
CONS:
Supply limitations
Pump wear
Clogging
Over pumping

SURFACE WATER
2nd most common source of fresh
water.
The most common source in
Malaysias Irrigation activity.
Correct pump levelling / water
storage.
Enemy of pumps for surface water:
Mud, silt, organism growth, woods, sand.

RAINWATER
Water source for raining season.
Pumping schedule will stop at this
time.

PUMPS SELECTION
CRUCIAL CRITERIA
Typically been over-sized
Power consumption low
Maintaining system pressure
Adding variable speed control
Motor protection

 DEFINISI PAM

JENIS PAM
RECIPROCATING

PISTON,
PLUNGER
DIAPHRAGM

DISPLACEMENTS
SINGLE ROTOR

PUMPS

ROTARY

MULTIPLE
ROTOR
JET
GAS LIFT

SPECIAL EFFECT
HYDRAULIC RAM
ELECTROMAGNA
TIC

DYNAMICS

AXIAL FLOW
CENTRIFUGAL

MIXED FLOW,
RADIAL FLOW
PERIPHERAL

PD VS CENTRIFUGAL
Flow rate versus
pressure
By looking at the
performance chart, the
centrifugal has varying
flow depending on
pressure or head,
whereas the PD pump
has more or less
constant flow
regardless of pressure.

PD VS CENTRIFUGAL

PD VS CENTRIFUGAL
Flow rate versus
viscosity
The centrifugal pump
loses flow as the
viscosity goes up but the
PD pumps flow actually
increases. This is
because the higher
viscosity liquids fill the
clearances of the pump
causing a higher
volumetric efficiency.

PD VS CENTRIFUGAL
Efficiency vs Viscosity
Viscosity also plays an
important role in
mechanical efficiency.
Because the centrifugal
pump operates at
motor spefficiency goes
down as viscosity
increases due to
increased frictional
losses within the pump.

CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
Pam yang paling
banyak digunakan
di JPS.
3 jenis yang biasa
digunakan Radial
Flow, Axial Flow
dan Mix Flow.

CENTRIFUGAL PUMP

 Penentuan Kadar
Alir
Pengiraan
Kehilangan Turus
(Head Loss
Calculation)

Tapak

Pam
Pengiraan Sistem
Curve
Matching system
and pump curve
Pemilihan Pam

Saiz Infrastruktur
Sistem Kawalan
Elektrik
Aksesori

Finalli
ze

PROSES REKABENTUK SISTEM PAM

PENGAIRAN
1. Penentuan Kadar Alir
2. Pengiraan Kehilangan Turus (Head
Loss Calculation)
3. Pengiraan Sistem Curve

Sistem Curve

Range Curve

Head, Power Consumption,

NPSH Curve

Adverse Hydraulic
Phenomena
Excessive pre-swirl
Change flow conditions
Change in pump
performance
Bearing wear
Cavitation across impeller

Uneven velocity
distribution

 Entrained air
Minor air
entrainment will lead
to a clear reduction
in pump
performance and
loss of efficiency; the
severity depends
upon the quantity of
air entrained and the
pump type.

 Vortices
Unlike excessive pre-swirl, vortices
appear locally with higher intensity and
are a major hindrance to proper pump
operation, resulting in cavitation,
uneven load, noise and vibration. There
are several different types of vortices.
The most commonly known type is the
free surface vortex, which can have
varying degrees of intensity from weak
surface vortices to fully developed
vortices with a continuous air core that
extends from the surface into the pump.
Less well known, but just as common is
the vortex that originates under the
surface from the sump bottom, walls or
between two pumps, and extends to the
pump inlet. This type of vortex can
achieve high rotational speeds with high
subpressures and cavitations.