FitnessForLife Chapter11

Cardiovascular
Health
Chapter 11
Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 11
2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Cardiovascular Disease
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) =
disease of the heart and blood
vessels
CVD is the leading cause of death
among Americans
Some CVD risk factors are
controllable; others are not
There are many things individuals
can do to reduce their risk of CVD
Major CVD Risk Factors That Can Be

Changed
Tobacco use and exposure to ETS
Causes about 1 in 5 deaths from CVD

Damages artery linings
Reduces HDL
Raises LDL and triglycerides
Causes platelets to stick together
Raises heart rate and blood pressure
Displaces oxygen in the blood
Increases the rate of the accumulation
of fatty deposits in arteries

Changed
High blood pressure (hypertension) =

sustained abnormally high blood pressure
Systole = pressure when heart contracts
Diastole = pressure when heart relaxes
High blood pressure strains the heart,

damages the arteries, and increases risk of
heart attack, stroke, kidney failure, and
blindness
Reduce with regular exercise, healthy diet
(reduced salt, increased potassium and
fiber), and moderation of alcohol intake
Blood Pressure Classification

Category
Systolic
(mm Hg)
Normal
Below 120
and
Below 80
120139
or
8089
140159
160 and
above
or
or
90-99
100 and
above
Prehypertensio
n
Hypertension
Stage 1
Stage 2
Diastolic
(mm Hg)
Blood Pressure
Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention


Changed
Unhealthy Cholesterol Levels
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) =

unhealthy (bad) cholesterol; excess
amounts are deposited in artery walls
High-density lipoprotein (HDL) = healthy
(good) cholesterol; shuttle unused
cholesterol back to the liver for recycling
Levels can be improved by quitting
smoking, exercising, and improving diet
(less saturated and trans fat, more fruits,
vegetables, fiber, and whole grains)
Cholesterol Guidelines
LDL cholesterol (mg/dl)
Less than 100
Optimal
100129
Near optimal/above optimal
130159
Borderline high
160-189
High
190 or more
Very high
Total cholesterol (mg/dl)

Less than 200
Desirable
200239
Borderline high
240 or more
High
HDL cholesterol (mg/dl)

Less than 40
Low (undesirable)
60 or more
High (desirable)
Travels with Cholesterol
Cholesterol Levels Among Americans
Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention


Changed
Physical inactivity
Exercise decreases blood pressure and

resting heart rate, improves cholesterol,
improves the condition of blood vessels,
and helps prevent obesity and diabetes
Obesity
Strains the heart, especially excess fat
in the torso
Diabetes
Increases CVD risk even when controlled
Contributing CVD Risk Factors That Can Be

Changed
High triglyceride levels
Lower with exercise, healthy diet, quitting

smoking, reducing alcohol intake
Triglycerides (mg/dl)
Less than 150
Normal
150199
Borderline high
200499
High
500 or more
Very high
Contributing CVD Risk Factors That Can Be

Changed
Psychological and social factors
Stress
Chronic hostility and anger
Suppressing psychological distress
Depression and anxiety
Social isolation
Low socioeconomic status
Alcohol and drug use

Major CVD Risk Factors That Cant Be

Changed
Family history/heredity
Multiple genes contribute to CVD risk
Aging
CVD risk goes up with age
Being male
Men face a higher risk, especially earlier in
life
Ethnicity
African Americans have higher rates of
hypertension and stroke
Annual Incidence of Heart Attack
Possible Risk Factors Under Study

C-reactive protein
Homocysteine
Lipoprotein(a)
Small, dense LDL particles
Infectious agents
Possible Risk Factors Under Study

Metabolic syndrome, also known as
syndrome X or insulin resistance
syndrome
Abdominal obesity (waist circumference)
Greater than 40 inches in men
Greater than 35 inches in women
High blood pressure (130/85 or higher)

High triglycerides (150 mg/dl or higher)
Low HDL cholesterol
Below 40 mg/dl in men
Below 50 mg/dl in women
Insulin resistance (glucose of 110 mg/dl or

higher)
Women and CVD

Women underestimate their CVD risk
Nearly 1 in 2 women dies from CVD
About 1 in 30 women dies from breast cancer
Women are protected from CVD at

younger ages by natural estrogen
After menopause, women are more likely
than men to die after a heart attack
Women are more likely to have a heart
attack without chest pain
African Americans and CVD

Blacks have higher rates of
hypertension and stroke
Genetic, biological, and lifestyle
factors may play a role
Lifestyle changes can reduce risk,
as can medical treatment
Major Forms of
Hypertension (a risk factor and a

form of CVD)
Atherosclerosis
Heart disease and heart attacks
Stroke
Congestive heart failure
Atherosclerosis
Atherosclerosis: Arteries are narrowed
by deposits of fat, cholesterol, and
other substances called plaques
Once narrowed by a plaque, an artery
is vulnerable to blockage by blood
clots
Blockage in the coronary arteries
(coronary heart disease) can lead to a
heart attack
Blockage in the brain can cause a
stroke
Atherosclerosis
Heart Disease and Heart Attacks

Heart attack = Damage to, or death of, heart muscle,
sometimes resulting in a failure of the heart to deliver
enough blood to the body; myocardial infarction.
Angina pectoris = A condition in which the heart
muscle does not receive enough blood, causing severe
pain in the chest and often in the left arm and shoulder.
Arrhythmia = An irregularity in the force or rhythm of
the heartbeat.
Sudden cardiac death = A nontraumatic, unexpected
death from sudden cardiac arrest, most often due to
arrhythmia (in association with underlying heart
disease).
Heart Attack
Symptoms of heart attack
require immediate action.
Blood Supply to the Heart
Diagnosis and Treatment for Heart Disease

Diagnosis
Exercise stress test
MRI, echocardiogram, angiogram
Treatment
Lifestyle changes (diet and exercise)

Low-dose aspirin therapy
Prescription medications
Balloon angioplasty
Coronary bypass surgery
Diagnosis of Heart Disease
Treatment of Heart Disease
Surgery is one
possible treatment
for heart disease.
Stroke
Stroke = An impeded blood supply to
some part of the brain resulting in the
destruction of brain cells
Ischemic stroke = caused by stroke
Hemorrhagic stroke = caused by ruptured
blood vessel
Strokes may cause paralysis, walking

disability, speech impairment, or memory
loss
Treatment may include clot-dissolving
and antihypertensive drugs
Types of Stroke
Stroke
Congestive Heart Failure

Congestive heart failure = condition
resulting from the hearts inability to
pump out all the blood that returns to
it
Blood backs up in the veins leading to
the heart, causing an accumulation of
fluid in various parts of the body
Caused by high blood pressure, heart
attack, atherosclerosis, birth defects,
rheumatic fever
Protecting Yourself Against Cardiovascular

Disease
Eat heart-healthy
Decrease fat and cholesterol intake

Especially limit saturated and trans fats
Increase fiber intake

Alcohol intakemoderate, if at all
DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop
Hypertension)
Exercise regularly
Avoid tobacco
Protecting Yourself Against Cardiovascular

Disease (contd)
Know and manage your blood
pressure
Know and manage your cholesterol
levels
Develop ways to handle stress and
anger
Know your risk factors
Reducing Your Risk of CVD
Mitral Valve
Mitral valve
prolapse is the
most common
cause of heart
murmur
Cardiovascular Health
Chapter 11

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Cardiovascular

Major CVD Risk Factors That Can Be

Tobacco use and exposure to ETS

Causes about 1 in 5 deaths from CVD

Major CVD Risk Factors That Can Be

High blood pressure (hypertension) =

High blood pressure strains the heart,

Blood Pressure Classification

Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

Major CVD Risk Factors That Can Be

Unhealthy Cholesterol Levels

Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) =

Near optimal/above optimal

Total cholesterol (mg/dl)

HDL cholesterol (mg/dl)

Travels with Cholesterol

Cholesterol Levels Among Americans

Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

Major CVD Risk Factors That Can Be

Exercise decreases blood pressure and

Contributing CVD Risk Factors That Can Be

High triglyceride levels

Lower with exercise, healthy diet, quitting

Contributing CVD Risk Factors That Can Be

Psychological and social factors

Alcohol and drug use

Major CVD Risk Factors That Cant Be

Multiple genes contribute to CVD risk

Annual Incidence of Heart Attack

Possible Risk Factors Under Study

Possible Risk Factors Under Study

High blood pressure (130/85 or higher)

Insulin resistance (glucose of 110 mg/dl or

Women and CVD

Women are protected from CVD at

African Americans and CVD

Hypertension (a risk factor and a

Heart Disease and Heart Attacks

Blood Supply to the Heart

Diagnosis and Treatment for Heart Disease

Lifestyle changes (diet and exercise)

Diagnosis of Heart Disease

Treatment of Heart Disease

Strokes may cause paralysis, walking

Congestive Heart Failure

Protecting Yourself Against Cardiovascular

Decrease fat and cholesterol intake

Increase fiber intake

Protecting Yourself Against Cardiovascular

Reducing Your Risk of CVD

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