PARAMETERS OF A

TRANSMISSION
LINES

RESISTANCE

For copper conductors:

F = 0.0105d2 f
For aluminium conductors:
F = 0.0063d2 f
Where:
R

dc

= dc resistance

ac

= ac resistance

Skin effect tendency of current to move outward the surface of the conductor. It
increases the resistance of the conductors
At frequency of 60 hz and below the difference between Rdc and Rac is less than
1% for conductors of less than 350 MCM in cross section

Electrical power transmission system

includes all loud structures and conversion
equipments in a source of supply; all lines ,
switching and conversion equipment between
a generating substation and the distribution
substation and all the equipments stations
and lines for tying integrating source of supply

Inductance

L inductance of the line

GMD Geometric mean distance
GMR Geometric mean radius

Transposition is the alternating

position of each phase of the line in
equal intervals so that each phase
has the same inductance.

Capacitance

Cn = Capacitance of the line

r - outside radius of the conductors

Leakage Reactance primary

due to corona
Corona ionization of the gases
around a high voltage conductors
characterized by the presence of
ozone

Conductor

D1
Dn

D2

Skin effect

Z is constant

r = outside radius of the solid conductors

For equilateral triangle

D3

D1

D2

Spacing
D1

D3
D2

Dielectric substance that separates the plates of a capacitor

Pin-insulators

Aerial ground

Post - insulator

SUSPENSION INSULATOR

Short Transmission Line

Resistance
inductance

Medium Transmission Lines

Resistance
Inductance
Capacitance

Long Transmission Lines

Resistance
Inductance
Capacitance
Leakage reactance

Problems
A 5 mile long 3 phase 3 wire(substation) substransmission line with 410
ASCR, 6/1 strand conductors vertically spaced 3ft apart has a balanced 3
phase load of 4500 Kw at 0.8 pf lagging and 19200 V line to line 60 h for 4/0 /
6/1 strands ASCR conductors , resistance is 0.592 ohms/mile/conductor and
GMD is 0.00814 ft at 60 hz and 50 C assuming conductors working tempf.
Determine:
-The impedance of the line
-The percent voltage drop
-The line loss

Line Conductors
ACSR aluminium cable steel
reinforced(most common transmission
line conductor)
Expanded ACSR has filler usually a
paper separates the outer aluminium
strands from the inner steel(reinforced)
strands , usually used in high voltage
lines, the purpose of the fillers is to

Hard drawn of medium drawn copper

used from 200ft spans
Soft drawn copper usually used as the
wires(arial ground conductor)
Copper weld usually used as ground
conductors

Problems
A short 3 phase 3 wire substransmission wire per conductor of 1 + j4 ohms is
supplying an inductive load 220 A at 0.8 pf lagging that requires line current
of 90 A. the receiving end phase to neutral voltage is 7650 V. determine:
-The % V. R. and efficiency of transmission
-What are the disadvantage of having a low lagging p.f

A 3 phase 3 wire medium length transmission line has the ff. data
impedance/conductor (2L) = 10+ j5 ohms
Shunt capacitor susceptance Bu = 0.0025 siemens(mho) line to neutral at the
middle of the line
Receiving end kVA = 15000 kVA
Receiving end line voltage = 60 kV
Receiving end pf. = 0.8 lag
Det. A. The sending end voltage and p.f.
B. The % V.R. and efficiency of transmission

Long Transmission
lines
Z = characteristic impedance of the lines
c

ZL = Series impedance of the lines

ZSH = shunt impedance of the line
Rl = leakage resistance
RL = series resistance
XL = series inductive reactance
Xc = Shunt capacitive reactance

Characteristics impedance of the line total

impedance of the line
Surge impedance also called
characteristics impedance , the
characteristics impedance of a line