ANTERIOR

PITUITARY
HORMONES
Dr. RAGHU PRASADA M S
MBBS,MD
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
DEPT. OF PHARMACOLOGY
SSIMS & RC.

Regulation of anterior
pituitary function

Hormones are chemical substances which

are synthesized by specific endogenous
glands and secreted internally, directly into
the blood stream, to act far away from the
site of their production and release on the
specific target organs. Ex- TSH

Tropic hormones-- target other endocrine

glands to release their own hormones. Ex
TRH

Hypophysiotropic Hormones
1.

2.
3.

Hypophysiotropic hormones (Neurosecretions) into the hypothalamohypophyseal portal system

RH(Release Hormone) or RIH
Hypothalamic hormones travel in portal
system from hypothalamus to anterior
pituitary regulate hormones secretion by
anterior pituitary

Hypothalamopituitary
axis
Master of endocrine orchestra
Regulated by
Long and short loop feedback
Hypothalamus RH(Release Hormone) or
RIH
Primarily by the CNS All pituitary hormones
except PRL would decline in the absence of the
hypothalamus
By hormones produced in peripheral target glands
Example inhibin secreted from gonads
All anterior pituitary hormones secreted in a
diurnal pattern.

Regulation of anterior
pituitary function
Long negetive
feed back

Short negetive
feed back

Anterior pituitary
Somatotrophs GH
Lactotrophs PRL
Gonadotrophs FSH growth of ovarian follicles and
formation of sperm

Luteinizing hormone LH (in women) induce

ovulation and the formation of the corpus luteum;
stimulate the ovarian production of estrogen and
progesterone
LH (in men) stimulates the production of Testosterone

Thyrotrophs TSH to stimulate the secretion of

thyroid hormone
Corticotrophs ACTH functions of adrenal cortex

hormonal families of the

anterior lobe:

2.

1.

3.

GH-Pharmacological
actions
Protein synthesis
Anabolic effects
Somatomedins IGF1, IGF2
Metabolic consequence
Initially insulin like effect
antagonistic to Insulin decrease glucose
uptake, increase release of free fatty acids
IGF1-released from liver positive feedback
on hypothalamus GHRIH
Increase-GH- sleep, exercise
Decrease-L-dopa

Growth hormone (GH)

Hypo-secretion:
During childhood causes
Dwarfism
Hyper-secretion:
During childhood causes
Gigantism (up to 8 9
ft.)
During Adulthood causes
Acromegaly:
Enlargement of the small
bones of the hand and
feet
Enlargement of the
cranium, nose, and lower

Control of GH secretion
Growth hormone releasing hormone
(GHRH; from arcuate nuclei mainly); its
gene is expressed in the GI tract and the
pancreas
Somatostatin (Growth hormone release
inhibiting hormone) (from preoptic
periventricular and paraventricular
nuclei); its gene is expressed in GI tract
and the pancreas
Ghrelin (a peptide from the Arcuate
Nuclei) also increase GH secretion via
GHRH

Growth hormone analogues

and GHRIH
SERMORELIN-Synthetic analogue of GnRH
diagnostic agent suspect cases of
childhood short stature
ADR-injection site pain, dizziness,
hyperactivity, urticaria
SOMATOSTATIN-GHRIH
SANDOSTATIN-slow release formulation
ADR-steatorrrhoea, gall stones

OCTREOTIDE
long acting analogue of somatostatin
Twice potent in reducing insulin secretion
Dose-20-200mg sc TDS
Uses
Carcinoid syndrome
VIP-secreting tumours
Bleeding oesophageal varices
Treatment of AIDS associated diarrhoea
Insulinomas
Sandostatin slow release formulation of
octreotide

LANREOTIDE
GHRIH
-thyroid tumours
Acromegaly

PEGVISOMANT-sc
New GH-receptor antagonist-acromegaly
Suppress IGF-1 levels
-allows dimerisation and blocks the
ongoing conformational changes
Demerit- formation of antibodies

Somatotropin-Human
pituitary GH
GH deficiency usually due to tumour,
infection and radiation
-t1/2-25 min
Sc-0.2mg/kg
AIDS
Burn injuries
Ant aging
ADR-insulin resistance
Arthralgia, DM-2

GH -MECASERMIN
Recombinant

human IGF1+
recombinant human IGFBP-3 ( insulin
like growth factor inhibiting factor)
Maintain desired t1/2 of IGF
-short statured children
Dose-0.04-0.08 mg/kg
ADR-hypoglycemia

Thyroid stimulating
hormone
Glycoprotein hormone
Pulsatile secretion
TSH stimulate the thyroid to synthesise
thyroglobulin and thyroid hormones
Diagnostic purpose
Thyrotropin alpha- detection of metastatic
differenciated thyroid cancer

Gonadotropins
GnRH-gonadotropin release hormone
LH-ICSH-Interstitial cell stimulating hormone
FSH-inhibin- supresses FSH
activin- stimulates FSH slynthesis
FSH in females-gametogenesis, follicular devp
LH in females-ovulation, corpus luteum
FSH in males-spermatogensis, sertoli cells
LH in males-androgen and testosterone in
leydig cells
Feed back
Gonadorelin- synthetic

GnRH agonists
Leuprolide-endometriosis
Nafarelin
Buserelin-endometriosis
Dosrelin
Goserelin
Triptorelin- prostate cancer
Diagnosis and treatment of infertility
Anvanced prostate cancer, uterine fibroids
IVF

GnRH antagonist
Cetrorelix
Ganirelix
Abarelix
Degarelix
Uses
-advanced prostate ca
Uterine fibroids and endometriosis
IVF

Natural gonadotropins
From post menopausal women
Menotropin
Urofollitropin
Recombinant FSH
HCG
USES
-infertility
Cryptorchism
IVF
Kaposi sarcoma
Diagnostic use

Adrenocorticotropin
family
ACTH (adrenal corticotropic hormone)
regulates hormone secretion by the cortex
of the adrenal glands.
ACTH- stimulates Glucocorticoids,
mineralocorticoid and androgens
ACTH-stimulated by trauma and stress
Melanocytes and keratinocytes
pigmentation by MSH
(Melanotrope in arcuate neurons) food
intake

Adrenocorticotropin family
Hypo-secretion
Addisons disease
Simmonds disease, hypo
pituitary cachexia
Hyper-secretion:
Cushings Syndrome
mobilization of fat from
lower body to the thoracic
and upper abdominal
regions giving raise to
Buffalo Torso-obesity,
poor wound healing,
peptic ulcer,
hyperglycemia

COSYNTROPIN
Is a synthetic human ACTH
Diagnosis of pituitary adrenal axis25 IUIV
No increase in plasma cortisol levels
--primary
ADR- similar to corticosteroids
Allergic reactions

Prolactin-PRL
Peptide hormone
Mammotropic and lactogenic
PRIH-PRL release inhibitory hormone-D2
Stimulus for prolactin-suckling
mammotropic and lactogenic
Hyperprolactinemia-galactorrhoea,
amenorrhea , infertility
Treatment of hyperprolactinaemia
Bromocriptine-2.5mg OD till BD for 15 days
, cabergoline, pergolide, Quinagolide

Treatment of
hyperprolactinemia
Bromocriptine -2.5mg orally-15days
Cabergoline-0.25mg orally -BD
Pergolide Quinagolide-0.2-0.6mg/day

Posterior Pituitary
Hormones

OT (oxytocin) and ADH

produced in hypothalamus
transported by hypothalamohypophyseal tract to posterior lobe
(stores/releases hormones)

THANK YOU
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