Management

Information System
Lecture-1
Made by:
Manish Kumar Aery(IM66)
Department of computer Application
IET Bhaddal (Ropar)

System Definition

System- System means the organized relationship among the functioning units.

Definition- A system is an orderly set of independent components linked together according to

plan to achieve a specific objective.
OR
A System is a set of independent components that work together to achieve a specific
goal/result

ELEMENTS OF THE SYSTEM

The system elements are:
1. Input.
2. Processor.
3. Output.
Feedback & Control.
These elements are common to all systems. These are the
elements by which all systems are described

Input : It is anything we wish to enter in a system for some type of use. It

may be raw material, data, physical source, knowledge or any energy to
decide the nature of output.

Processor : It is defined as the activity that makes possible the

transformation of input to output. When data is processed through
computer it is processed through logical steps.

Output : It is end result of the operation. In other words it is the purpose

or the main objective for which the system is designed. Though output is
largely dependent on input, its nature or format may vary vastly from the
input
Feedback & control : A system with feedback and control is some times
called cybernetic system, that is self monitoring ,self regulating system.
feedback is data about the performance. Control involves monitoring and
evaluating feedback to determine weather the system is moving towards
the achievement of its goal.

Characteristics of a System
There are five types of characteristics for a system. They are
1. Organization
2. Interaction
3. Interdependence
4. Integration
5. A central objective
ORGANIZATION: Organization implies structure and order. It can
also be defined as the arrangement of components that helps to
achieve objectives.
INTERACTION: Interaction refers to the manner in which each
component functions with other components of the system.ie, there
should be an interrelationship between each components of a
system.

INTERDEPENDENCE: This is one of the important characteristics of a system.

Interdependence means the parts or the components of an organization or computer
system depend on one another. Each component or parts should depend on other
components of an organization. One component or subsystem depends on the input of
another subsystem for proper functioning, ie, the output of one subsystem is required
input for another subsystem.

INTEGRATION: Integration refers to the holism of systems. Synthesis follows

analysis to achieve the central objective of the organization. It is concerned with how a
system is tied together. It is more than sharing a physical part or location. It means that
parts of the system work together within the system even though each part performs a
unique function.
CENTRAL OBJECTIVE: The last characteristic of a system is its central objective.
Objectives may be real or stated. The important point is that users must know the
central objective of a computer application early in the analysis for a successful design
and conversion.

TYPES OF THE SYSTEM

Conceptual & Physical system.
Natural & Artificial systems.
Open & Closed systems.
Deterministic & probabilistic system.

1.Conceptual (abstract) system is an orderly arrangement of

independent ideas.
2. Physical system: These are the concrete operational
systems made up of people material, machines energy &
other physical things
3Natural systems: All the naturally occurring systems are
called as natural systems.
4 Artificial system: All man made systems are called as
artificial systems.
5.Open system: Open system is that system which interacts
with its environment.

6. Closed system: Closed system is that system which

does not interact with its environment. It has only
controlled & well defined input & output.
7. Deterministic system: It is a system which
operates in predictable
manner. Stepwise execution is always possible &
output is sure.
8. Probabilistic system: It is a system which operates in
unpredictable manner & degree of error is always
possible. Also output is not sure.

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