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CHAPTER 4:
Biodiversity and
Evolution
Pollution
Climate change
Overhunting
Nonnative predators and competitors
33% of all amphibian species face
extinction
Fig. 4-1, p. 61
Biodiversity (1)
Species diversity
A set of individuals that can mate and
produce fertile offspring
8-100 million species total; likely 10-14
million
2 million species identified
~50% in endangered tropical rainforests
Biodiversity (2)
Genetic diversity
Ecosystem diversity
Biomes
Distinct climate
Certain species, especially vegetation
Functional diversity
Fig. 4-2, p. 61
Functional Diversity
The biological and chemical processes such as energy
flow and matter recycling needed for the survival of species,
communities, and ecosystems.
Genetic Diversity
The variety of genetic material
within a species or a population.
Ecological Diversity
The variety of terrestrial and
aquatic ecosystems found in
an area or on the earth.
Species Diversity
The number and abundance of species
present in different communities
Fig. 4-2, p. 61
Fig. 4-3, p. 61
Fig. 4-4, p. 63
Baltimore
San Francisco
St. Louis
Las Vegas
Coastal
mountain
ranges
Sierra
Nevada
Great
American
Desert
Rocky
Mountains
Desert
Great
Plains
Coniferous
forest
Mississippi Appalachian
River Valley Mountains
Prairie
grassland
Deciduous
forest
Fig. 4-4, p. 63
Fig. 4-A, p. 62
Fig. 4-A, p. 62
Theory of Evolution
Fossils
Mineralized and petrified remains
Skeletons, bones, and shells
Leaves and seeds
Impressions in rocks
Fossil record incomplete: ~1% of all species
Natural Selection
Adaptive traits - genetically favorable traits
that increase the probability to survive and
reproduce
Trait heritable and lead to differential
reproduction
Faced with environmental change
Adapt through evolution
Migrate
Become extinct
Fig. 4-5, p. 65
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
A group of bacteria,
including genetically
resistant ones, are
exposed to an
antibiotic
Eventually the
resistant strain
replaces all or most of
the strain affected by
the antibiotic
Fig. 4-5, p. 65
A group of bacteria,
including genetically
resistant ones, are
exposed to an
antibiotic
Normal
bacterium
The genetically
resistant bacteria
start multiplying
Eventually the
resistant strain
replaces the strain
affected by
the antibiotic
Resistant
bacterium
Stepped Art
Fig. 4-5, p. 83
Plate Tectonics
Locations of continents and oceans
determine earths climate
Movement of continents allow species to
move and adapt
Earthquakes and volcanoes affect
biological evolution by separating
populations of a species and allowing new
species to develop
Fig. 4-6, p. 66
Present
Fig. 4-6, p. 66
225
million
years
ago
65
135
million
years
ago
Present
Stepped Art
Fig. 4-6, p. 66
Fig. 4-7, p. 67
18,000
years before
present
Northern Hemisphere
Ice coverage
Modern day
(August)
Legend
Continental ice
Sea ice
Land above sea level
Fig. 4-7, p. 67
Speciation
Speciation
One species splits into two or more
species that can no longer breed and
produce fertile offspring
Geographic isolation
Reproductive isolation
Fig. 4-8, p. 68
Arctic Fox
Northern
population
Early fox
population
Spreads
northward
and southward
and separates
Adapted to cold
through heavier
fur, short ears,
short legs, and
short nose.
White fur
matches snow
for camouflage.
Different environmental
conditions lead to different
selective pressures and evolution
into two different species.
Gray Fox
Southern
population
Adapted to
heat through
lightweight
fur and long
ears, legs, and
nose, which
give off more
heat.
Fig. 4-8, p. 68
Genetic engineering
Add, delete, or alter DNA segments
Add desirable genes from other species
New drugs, pest-resistant plants
Controversial
Extinction (1)
Biological extinction
Entire species gone
Local extinction
All members of a species in a specific area
gone
Extinction (2)
Mass extinction
Earth took millions of years to recover
from previous mass extinctions
Species Diversity
Species richness
Species evenness
Varies with geographic location
Species richness declines towards
poles
Generalist species
Specialist species
Native species
Nonnative species
Spread in new, suitable niches
Fig. 4-10, p. 72
Herring gull
is a tireless
scavenger
Black skimmer
seizes small fish
at water surface
Flamingo feeds on
minute organisms
in mud
Brown pelican
dives for fish,
which it locates
from the air
Louisiana heron
wades into water
to seize small fish
Ruddy
turnstone
searches
under shells
and pebbles
for small
invertebrates
Dowitcher probes
deeply into mud in
search of snails,
marine worms, and
small crustaceans
Oystercatcher feeds on
clams, mussels, and other
shellfish into which it
pries its narrow beak
Piping plover
feeds on insects
and tiny
crustaceans on
sandy beaches
Knot (sandpiper)
picks up worms
and small crustaceans
left by receding tide
Fig. 4-10, p. 72
Fig. 4-11, p. 72
Indicator Species
Fig. 4-12, p. 74
Adult frog
(3 years)
Young frog
Tadpole
develops
into frog
Sperm
Sexual
reproduction
Eggs
Fertilized egg
development
Tadpole
Egg hatches
Organ formation
Fig. 4-12, p. 74
Keystone Species
Significant role in their food web:
large affect on types and abundances
of other species in an ecosystem
Elimination may alter structure and/or
function of ecosystem
Pollinators
Top predators
Foundation Species
Highly adaptable
Only natural predator is humans
1967 endangered species list
Successful environmental comeback
Keystone species
Animation: Speciation on an
Archipelago
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