TRANSFUSION TRANS.

DISEASE
Hepatitis B Hepatitis C HIV
HGV

Malaria

HTLV-1

Babesiosis Leishmania
sis

Lyme Dise Chagas' D TTV

ase
isease

Creutzfeld
t-Jakob CJ
D

Toxoplasm Cryoglobul Bacterial

KS and HH osis
inemia
Contamina
V-8
tion of BP

HEPATITIS B
- transmitted through parenteral and sexual

exposure.
- Donor Blood is routinely tested for HBsAg
and HBcAb.
- Persons who have received a hepatitis B
vaccination (recommended for all health
care workers with patient contact) will have
hepatitis B surface antibody present, but
not HBsAg or HBcAb.

Hepatitis C
currently affects over four million people in the
United States.
primary reason for liver transplantation in the
United States
still the most common transfusion transmitted
infection. Persons at highest risk for the virus
are those who received blood transfusions
prior to 1991 or people with a history of IV
drug abuse using shared needles.

Hepa C
The hepatitis C virus is taken into the body

other than through the digestive tract.

It must be inherited, transfused or injected in
some manner. The sexual transmission rate
is lower than once thought.
At present, only testing for hepatitis C
antibody is available.

Hepa C cont..
The antibody to the hepatitis C virus appears

54 to 192 days in a person's Blood after

infection.
If an infected person donates Blood prior to
the appearance of this antibody the chance of
that Blood being used in a transfusion is said
to be one out of 103,000 donations
.

Human Immunodeficiency
Virus (HIV
- In 1982 the first cases of AIDS
transmitted from Blood or Blood
components were reported, but little of
the infection was known at that time,
and even less was talked about publicly.
- By 1983 radical changes began to occur
in the donor criteria to exclude those at
high risk for transmission of HIV.

HIV
- The testing of Blood products for HIV started
in 1985. It was a test to detect the presence
of the antibody directed against HIV, rather
than a direct test for HIV.
- Testing for HIV p24 antigen was mandated in
1996.

Human T-lymphocytotrophic
Virus
This is a retrovirus that is endemic in
Japan and the Caribbean.
Blood is routinely screened for
antibodies to HTLV-1 utilizing this
relatively inexpensive test.

HGV
The Hepatitis G Virus is an RNA virus of the
Flaviviridae family.
originally associated with fulminant hepatitis,
but recent studies have failed to prove a
connection between HGV and clinical illness.
It is primarily Blood borne and accounts for
0.3% of acute viral hepatitis

HGV

The virus is transmitted by the same routes

as HCV and co-infection is common
The clinical significance of HGV infection and
HGV-HCV co-infection remains to be fully
elucidated, but at present does not seem to
be a major disease-causing factor.
The majority of patients infected with HGV by
Blood transfusion do not develop serious
chronic hepatitis.

Cryoglobulinemia
term given to a disorder of the Blood
and refers to the presence of
cryoglobulins in the blood.
These are abnormal forms of protein
molecules that precipitate (clump
together) at cold temperatures and redissolve at normal body temperature. .

Cryo
Therefore, when a person with
cryoglobulinemia is exposed to cold, he
or she may experience decreased
circulation in the smaller blood vessels
This may lead to color changes in the
skin, damage to the extremities,
bleeding into the skin (purpura), hives
and other problems

TTV - Transfusion Transmitted

Virus
relatively new virus becoming widely known

in 1997 in patients with fulminant hepatitis

and chronic liver disease of unknown etiology.
TTV is an unenveloped, single stranded DNA
virus.
TTV DNA was detected in 47% of patients
with fulminant non-A-G hepatitis and 46% of
patients with chronic liver diseases of
unknown etiology.

TTV
The result suggests that TTV may be
the cause of some cryptogenic liver
diseases.
.

Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
The prevalence of the CMV antibody

ranges from 50% to 80% of the

population.
Blood contaminated with CMV can
cause problems in neonates or
immunocompromised patients.
Donor Blood is not routinely tested for
CMV

Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease
(CJD)
A degenerative and fatal nervous
system disorder.
Blood establishments were told of the
the risk of CJD being transmitted
through Blood products is 'theoretical.'
The infectious agent has (yes, has)
been found in Blood products.

KS and HHV-8
While there appears to be association
between Kaposis sarcoma (KS) and human
herpes virus-8 (HHV-8) and), it is said to be
unproven whether or not the virus is
transfusion transmitted. Also, if it is
transfusion transmitted, is it associated with
development of KS.
under-researching, under-investigating and
extremely under-reporting

Leishmaniasis
Cases of transfusion-associated

Leishmaniasis are growing each year world

wide.
This increase is increasingly associated with
patients who are positive for HIV.
Transfusion-associated Leishmaniasis
requires that the parasites be present in the
peripheral Blood of the donor, survive
processing and storage in the Blood bank,
and infect the recipient.

Lyme Disease
associated with the bite of the eastern

deer tick, and can cause an illness that

affects many systems within the body.
Donors with a history of Lyme disease
can not donate Blood unless they no
longer have symptoms whatever, have
undergone a full course of antibiotic
treatment, and are cleared by a
physician.

Malaria
The popular statement, routinely given is that
"malaria is rarely transmitted by Blood
products." The number of transfusion
associated cases of malaria, however, is at
an all-time high.
There are no practical laboratory tests
available to test donor Blood, so donors
travelling to high risk malaria areas are often
deferred from donating Blood for six months.

Chagas' Disease
Discovered Brazilian doctor Carlos
Chagas,
caused by a parasite that infects as
many as 18 million people worldwide,
causing death from heart and digestive
problems.

Babesiosis
An intraerythrocytic parasitic infection caused
from the bite of the infected Ixodes tick.
The transmitted parasite only infects red
Blood cells by altering the cell membranes
that causes decreased conformability and
increased red cell adherence, which, in turn,
can lead to development of acute respiratory
distress syndrome (ARDS) among those
severely affected.

Babesiosis
These Blood-borne parasites remain
viable under Blood bank conditions.
Those individuals with a history of the
disease are to be permanently deferred
from donating Blood, if they know and
admit before Blood donation that they
have carried the malady

Toxoplasmosis
A systemic protozoan infection that
causes symptoms similar to infectious
mononucleosis.
In immunocompromised individuals this
infection can have serious neurological
symptoms and can cause fetal death in
pregnant women. Toxoplasmosis is also
transmitted by common house cats.

Bacterial Contamination of
Blood Products
It is increasingly rare but a very serious
complication of Blood transfusion.
Most commonly associated with
contamination during Blood collection or
during handling of Blood products, such
as preparation of platelet pools, and on
occasion, associated with bacterial
infection of the donor