Professional Documents
Culture Documents
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What is APA?
Why use APA?
General Format APA
In-Text Citation
Paraphrasing Versus Quoting
References
Number Rules
Mechanics
Plagiarism
When to cite?
The APA Manual (6th ed.)
says you must cite when
paraphrasing, quoting an
author directly, or describing
an idea that influenced your
work (p. 170).
professional
standard
need to know
when you publish
need for
continued
graduate work
started in 1928
anthropological and
psychological journal
editors met
purpose: to standardize
publication formats
Give
Make
Provide
a standardized way of
formatting academic documents
such as journal articles: e.g.
methodological papers, theory
papers, case studies, and student
papers
Social sciences
Psychology
Linguistics
Sociology
Economics
Criminology
Business
Nursing
Literature
review
This type of
writing assignment
is simply a review of
the research
literature that
applies to your topic
or proposed
question. It is not
the same as an
annotated
bibliography.
An
experimental
report is the
presentation of the
results of your
primary research. In
other words, it lays
out your research
question, the
methods you used to
conduct research,
your research
Word spacing:
1 space after commas, colons, and semicolons
1 space after period in name (A. B. Smith)
1 space after period separating parts of
reference citation
1 or 2 spaces after periods in sentences
in text
Author-date
method of citation
Two Authors
Smith and Foster (2009)
(Smith & Foster, 2009)
Three Authors
Smith, Foster, and Ross (2009)
*Smith et al. (2009) Et al. subsequent times
(Smith, Foster, & Ross, 2009)
*(Smith et al., 2009) Et al. subsequent times
Five Authors
Smith, Foster, Ross, Butler, and Xavier
(2009)
*Smith et al. (2009) Et al. subsequent
times
(Smith, Foster, Ross, Butler, & Xavier,
2009)
*(Smith et al., 2009) Et al. subsequent
times
Example:
(1994) found. . .
The use of metaphors was found to be helpful
(Wasserstein, Zappula, Rosen, German, & Rock, 1994)
What
is a personal
communication?
Email, lectures, letters, memos,
Give
initials as well as a
surname and as exact a date
as you can:
Example: In a personal interview,
According
to
Palladino and Wade
(2010), a flexible
mind is a healthy
mind (p. 147).
In
2010, Palladino
and Wade noted
that a flexible
mind is a healthy
mind (p. 147).
In
fact, a flexible
mind is a healthy
mind
(Palladino
& Wade, 2010, p.
147).
flexible mind is a
healthy
mind,
according to Palladino
and Wades (2010, p.
147)
longitudinal
study.
Palladino
and Wades
(2010)
results
indicate
that
a
flexible mind is a
healthy
mind
(p.
147).
Then,
Text:
Use sparingly!
What is a paraphrase?
Most
The
The
The
The
Paraphrases
a)
b)
Include
Integrate
a)
b)
Direct quote
author:
without
name
of
indented 5 spaces
do not use quotation marks
citation appears one space after last
punctuation of quote
(p. 543)
Indent
Do
not
use
quotation
marks in a block quotation
NEUTRAL
Contends
Observes
Points out
Concludes
Discusses
Explains
Acknowledge
s
Reveals
POSITION/ANALYSIS
Agrees
Disagrees
Admits
Claims
Refutes
Denies
Compares
Endorses
References
page
Only
Everything
References
are double-spaced,
flush left with subsequent lines
indented 5 spaces
General format:
Author, A. A (year, add month and date of
publication for daily or weekly publications).
Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume
number(issue), pages.
Example:
General format:
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C.
(year of publication). Title of work: Capital
letter also for subtitle (number ed.).
Location City, State Abbreviation: Publisher.
Example:
General format:
Author, A. A. (date of publication). Title of
chapter. In A. Editor (Ed.), Title of book
(pages of chapter). Location: Publisher.
Example:
2.When
General format:
Author, A. A. (date). Title of article. Title of Journal,
volume(number), page numbers. doi:
xx.xxxxxxx
Example:
General format:
Author, A. A. (date of publication). Title of article.
Title of Journal, volume(number), page numbers.
Retrieved from URL
Example:
Correct:
Tanaka,
Correct:
Correct:
Directions:
rearrange
the
information to show the
correct reference format
by writing the LETTERS
ONLY in correct order.
1.
(A)The Journal of New Zealand
History,
(B) (2011).
(C) 32,
(D) 112-125.
(E)Hannah, R.
(F) A tale of two capitals.
CLUE: JOURNAL
Art
2.
(A) Management(6th ed.).
(B) Robbins, S., Bergman, R., Stagg, I.,
& Coulter, M.
(C) French Forest, Australia: Pearson
(D) (2012).
CLUE: BOOK
3.
(A) Common questions about fringe
benefit tax.
(B) Retrieved from http://www.ird.govt.ph
(C) Bureau of Internal Revenue.
(D) Fringe benefit tax (FBT):
(E) (2010).
CLUE: WEBSITE
Hannah,
E-B-F-A-C-D
Robbins,
B-D-A-C
Bureau
of Internal
Revenue.(2010). Fringe benefit
tax (FBT): Common
questions
about fringe benefit tax.
Retrieved from
http://www.ird.govt.ph
C-E-D-A-B
General Rule:
Numbers 10 and above
are expressed as
numerals.
Nine or below are
written as words
American Psychological
Association (2010). Publication
manual of the American
Psychological Association (6th
ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
APA Website: www.apastyle.org
Updated APA guideline notes on
ELCSE website under Student
Resources
(http://www.aug.edu/elcse/ELC
SE_APA_Guidelines.pdf)
2. Spacing
Double
space
all
text,
including the reference list
and block quotes.
5. Punctuation
APA requires the use of the serial (or
Oxford) comma in lists of three or more
items (i.e., Groucho, Harpo, and
Zeppo).
Most prefixes are not hyphenated:
semistructured,
nondenominational,
multimedia,
antisocial,
posttest,
pretest, and so forth.
-
6.
Capitalization
Do
7. Lists (Seriation)
Seriation refers to how to list information.
Within a paragraph, list items that must appear
in a certain order using (a), (b), and (c).
9. Latin Abbreviations
Do not use Latin abbreviations
(like
e.g., i.e., and etc.) within the text
of the sentence; APA only allows
these types of abbreviations within
parentheses. In the text of the
sentence,
write
out
the
abbreviations English translation.
1. If
for
10
numbers
any
for
statistical
or
mathematical
functions,
proportions,
ratios,
percentages (use %)
examples
3 times as many dropouts, 9 of the 18
programs (proportion)
divided by 3 and multiplied by 9
deposits were matched at a ratio of 7:1
those in the upper 5th percentile
5% of students, between 20% and 30%
of the population, 0.5% improvement
for
to
describe a sample
size, specific number of
participants
example
an average rating of 3
on a 10-point scale
to
ALL
numbers in an
abstract of a paper
one
Examples
eight pages
three stages
six chapters
two-tailed t test
but five items using a 7-point Likert scale
common
fractions
examples
one half of the text
increased by three
fourths
a two-thirds majority
numbers
common
expressions
Examples
twenty-first century
the Fourth of July)
any
Examples
Fifty states reported
Four schools improved
whereas 14 schools had
increased dropout.
APAs
The
Articles
the
a president,
the Pope,
An apple,
the Constitution.
Coordinating
conjunctions
include these words: for, and,
nor, but, or, yet, so
Prepositions
of three letters or
less include: as, at, by, but, for,
in, of, off, on, per, to, up, via
It
Short-Term
Musical
Intervention:
A
Tale
of
Ludwig von Beethoven.
1. In titles and
headings,
capitalize
all
words with four
or more letters.
2. After a colon,
capitalize the first
word beginning a
complete sentence
3. Capitalize Black
and White when
referring to race.
4.
Capitalize
proper nouns and
adjectives
used
as proper nouns.
5. After an extract,
use
lowercase
p. and pp. to
indicate
page
numbers.
6. Trial 5, Day 2,
Experiment 4 . . .
BUT chapter 4,
row
3,
and
column 5.