M Tech.

Thesis Presentation

Shear Failure Analysis of Over-reinforced

SCC Beams
By

Sukhwinder Singh
Roll. No. 1168269
(Structural Engineering)
Under the guidance of:
Assoc. Prof. K.S. Bedi
G.N.D.E.C. Ludhiana
1

TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAMME
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
CONCLUSIONS
FUTURE SCOPE OF WORK

SHEAR TRANSFER MECHANISMS

The shear transfer
mechanisms include:
The shear in the uncracked compression zone.
The dowel action of the
longitudinal reinforcement.
The interface shears
transfer due to the
aggregate interlocks or the
surface roughness of the
cracks.
The residual tensile
stresses across the cracks.

PARAMETERS INFLUENCING THE SHEAR

STRENGTH OF THE BEAMS
Previous investigatory researches concluded that shear and
diagonal tension strength of concrete beams without web
reinforcement depends upon:
Percentage of tension reinforcement
Shear span-to-effective depth ratio
Characteristic strength of the concrete
Cross-sectional Area of the beam
Other variables which influences the shear strength of
concrete members are:
Maximum aggregate size
Diameter of tensile reinforcing bars
4

Cont.

But even today, the various codes of practice world-over

have not incorporated all these variables in estimating and
predicting theoretically the shear strength of reinforced
concrete beams.
The shear strengths of reinforced concrete as given by
Tables 19 and 20 of the Indian Code of Practice for Plain
and Reinforced Concrete, IS 456: 2000, till date depend
only on the characteristic strength of concrete and the
percentage of main reinforcing steel used.
This results in underestimation of shear strength of the
beams.
5

WHY OVER-REINFORCED SCC BEAMS

Architectural requirements or space constraints sometimes
compels to use a high percentage of steel reinforcement in
a concrete flexural member in order to minimize structural
depth and still provide adequate stiffness.
Self-compacting concrete has been used in the study to
ensure effective concreting of the over-reinforced beams.
So this is potentially very useful to clients, consultants
and contractors who wish to use shallower concrete
members.

SELF COMPACTING CONCRETE

Self compacting concrete (SCC), is a new kind of high
performance concrete with:
Excellent deformability and segregation resistance
Capable of filling spaces in dense reinforcement or
inaccessible voids without hindrance or blockage.
In particular, there are some concerns among
designers/engineers that SCC may not be strong enough in
resisting shear because of the presence of comparatively
smaller amount of coarse aggregates compared to normal
concrete (NC) which can lead to the formation of smooth
fractured surfaces and subsequent development of weak
aggregate interlock mechanism.
7

COMPARISON OF AGGREGATE
INTERLOCK MECHANISM
INFLUENCE OF COARSE AGGREGATES
ON THE NORMAL CONCRETE

INFLUENCE OF COARSE
AGGREGATES ON THE SELFCOMPACTING CONCRETE

MODES OF FAILURES OF BEAMS

Beams with low span-to-depth ratio or inadequate shear
reinforcement, the failure can be due to shear. The
following five modes of failure due to shear are identified
Diagonal tension failure
Shear compression failure
Shear tension failure
Web crushing failure
Arch rib failure

 Diagonal

tension failure :- In this mode, an inclined crack

propagates rapidly due to inadequate shear reinforcement.

Shear tension failure:- Due to inadequate anchorage

of the longitudinal bars, the diagonal cracks propagate
horizontally along the bars.

10

Shear compression failure: There is crushing of the

concrete near the compression flange above the tip of the
inclined crack .

Web crushing failure: The concrete in the web crushes

due to inadequate web thickness.

11

Arch rib failure :-For deep beams, the web may

buckle and subsequently crush. There can be
anchorage failure or failure of the bearing.

12

LITERATURE REVIEW
Name

Study

Clar
k
(195
1)

Investigated resistance of RCC beams without and with varying ratios of

web reinforcement to diagonal tension. Beams of two cross sections, four
span lengths and concrete strengths ranging from 2000 to 6000 psi were
tested for five different positions of concentrated loads. The results were
reasonably consistent and exhibited good evidence that the shear capacity
of a beam increases with the strength of concrete when other factors are
kept same and the shear span-to-depth ratio influences considerably its
shear carrying capacity.

Moody Tested 40 beams without and 2 beams with web reinforcement. There
et al 15 were series of parameters as
(1954)
Percentage of longitudinal and web reinforcement

Size and % of long. reinforcement and strength of concrete

It was found that the ratio of ultimate load to the load at first cracking
decreased as the ratio of shear span to the effective depth increased. Test
results also indicated that the strength of beams with large a-d ratios may
be governed by the first cracking load whereas strength of shorter beams
is governed by the load causing destruction of the compression zone of
concrete.
13

LITERATURE REVIEW
NAME

STUDY

Kani
(1966)

Tested 133 rectangular beams to study the influence of Concrete

strength, percentage of reinforcement, span to depth ratio affecting
shear strength of reinforced concrete beams.
The results indicated that shear strength of rectangular reinforced
concrete beams does not depend on concrete strength within the entire
range of fc = 2500 to 5000 psi and p = 0.50 to 2.80.There is
considerable influence of the amount of main reinforcement on the
relative beam strength.

Mphonde
and
Frantz
(1984)

Tested three series of reinforced concrete beams without shear

reinforcement. Within each series the shear span-depth ratio was held
constant at 3.6, 2.5, or 1.5, while normal compressive strength was
varied from 3000 to 15000 psi. The authors had also compared ACI
equations and Zsuttys ultimate shear strength equation with the
regression equations developed by them.
Test results indicated that for slender beams, the ACI 318-77 beam
shear strength equations are conservative but their accuracy varies
greatly with concrete strength. The effect of concrete strength on shear
capacity becomes more significant as the beams become shorter.
14

LITERATURE REVIEW
Name

Study

Rebeiz Tested the RCC beams without the web reinforcement with different
et al 26 variables as concrete compressive strength, f c, the shear span to
(2001) depth ratio (a/d), and the tensile reinforcement ratio (). The intent
of their study was to clear the distinction between the cracking shear
strength, vc, and the ultimate shear strength, vu, when referring to
shear strength of concrete.
The author depicted that:
In case of short beams (a/d < 2.5), a very significant amount of
additional loading can be resisted by reinforced concrete beyond
the formation of first diagonal crack before total as cracking
shear strength and ultimate shear strength are almost equal in
magnitude.
The failure mode in long beams (a/d > 2.5) is diagonal tension
with the formation and propagation of first fully developed
inclined crack.
This failure mode is very sudden as total shear failure occurs
almost immediately after the formation of first major diagonal
cracking.
15

LITERATURE REVIEW
Name

Study

ACI31898
Code

The basic equation for the shear strength of RC concrete

beams proposed by ACI-318-08, makes the shear span to
depth ratio as one of the basic parameters for calculating the
shear capacity of RC section.

IS
Code
4562000

It states that shear strength of a concrete member is nominal

shear resistance and which is summation of shear strength
provided by concrete itself and the strength provided by the
vertical shear reinforcement in the form of steel shear
strength. Table 19 of IS:456-2000, presents value of shear
stress which is dependent only upon longitudinal
reinforcement.
16

LITERATURE REVIEW
NAME

STUDY

Experimented with SCC and CVC beams. Main

Hassan(2008) variables were a/d, concrete compressive strength
and type and amount of the longitudinal steel.
SCC
showed
similar
shear
resistance
characteristics in pre-cracking stage as compared
with CVC. No significant difference noted
between SCC and CVC beams in terms of crack
widths, crack lengths, crack angles or overall
failure mode.

17

CONCLUSIONS DRAWN FROM PREVIOUS RESEARCHES

Studies have shown that shear strength of concrete

beams without web reinforcement is provided by the
combined action of many factors namely
The compressive strength of concrete
The aggregate interlocking
Shear span to depth ratio
The percentage of longitudinal reinforcement
Cross-sectional Area of the beam
18

OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

To experimentally analyze the shear failure of the

over-reinforced SCC beams without stirrups having
different shear spans to effective depth, different
characteristic strengths of concrete with constant
longitudinal reinforcement ratio.
To compare the provisions and procedures in IS
456:2000 and with the various models.

19

SCOPE OF RESEARCH

Simply supported longitudinally reinforced concrete

beams without any stirrups are used for the
experimental investigations.
The test beams were cast with Self Consolidated
Concrete with 28-days nominal compressive strength
of 40, 60 and 80 MPa
Beam size with overall depth of 300 mm with varying
shear span to depth ratio (a/d) of 1.5, 2.5 and 3.5.
A constant, 3.1% of longitudinal reinforcement ratio
were used in all the beams.
Distance between the two points loads was fixed at
600mm for all the beams.
20

SCOPE OF RESEARCH

Cont.

Effective cover in all the beams was kept at 25mm

For comparison of the observed shear strength of SCC
beams, the provisions of building codes and models
have been selected i.e. ACI, Canadian Code, CEP-FIP
Model, Zsutty Model, Bazant Model and IS:4562000.

21

METHODOLOGY

To study the shear behaviour of beams, 27 beams of

overall cross-section 150mm x 300mm were selected
without shear reinforcement.
Characteristic strength of concrete, fck as 40, 60 and
80 MPa was selected.
Percentage of longitudinal steel ratio was kept
constant at 3.1%.
Shear span to depth ratio (a/d) of three values were
selected as 1.5, 2.5 and 3.5 mainly to check the
behaviour of SCC beams in shear.
22

METHODOLOGY

Cont.

The beams were tested under Four Point Loading system

and the observations were recorded in terms of Ultimate
Failure Capacity.
The shear strength of the beams was determined at the
failure point and the observed values were compared
with the provisions of selected Building Codes and
Design Models .
The effect of various parameters on the shear strength of
SCC beams was studied on the basis of observations
from the testing.
23

TEST SET-UP CONFIGURATION

24

PROPOSED BEAM SIZES AND LOADING

ARRANGEMENTS

a/d ratio 1.5, Overall Length 1600mm, Shaer Span = 398 mm Overall Depth = 300mm

a/d ratio 2.5, Overall Length 2200mm,Shear Span = 663 mm Overall Depth = 300mm

CONT.

a/d ratio 3.5, Overall Length 2600mm, Shear Span = 928 mm Overall Depth = 300mm

26

REINFORCEMENT DETAILS IN BEAM

SPECIMENS

Percentage of longitudinal reinforcement was constant at 3.1%

27

CONT.

Percentage of longitudinal reinforcement was constant at 3.1%

28

DIFFERENT MODELS TO PREDICT SHEAR

CAPACITY

ACI code Equations

Canadian Code Equations
IS 456-2000 Code
CEP-FIP Model
Zsutty Equation
Bazant Equation

29

ACI CODE EQUATION

According to ACI Building Code 318-08 , the shear
strength of concrete members without transverse
reinforcement subjected to shear and flexure is given by
following equations.
Eqn. 1

fc= Compressive strength of concrete at 28 days in MPa.

bw= Width of cross section in mm.
d= Effective depth in mm.
Mu = Factored moment at Cross section
Vu= Factored shear force at Cross section.
30

CANADIAN CODE EQUATION

According to Canadian Standard, the shear strength
of concrete members is given by following
equation.
fc= Compressive strength of concrete at 28 days in MPa.
bw= Width of cross section in mm.
The Canadian standard in this Eqn. has not considered the
effect of shear span to depth ratio and longitudinal tension
reinforcement effect on shear strength of concrete.
31

IS 456-2000 CODE EQUATION

The design shear strength c depends on grade of concrete (fck) and the
percentage of tension steel pt = 100Ast/bd. The ultimate shear load can
be computed by following equation.

or unity, whichever is greater

32

CEP FIP MODEL

According to CEPFIP Model, the shear strength of
concrete members is given by following equation.

The CEPFIP model considered size effect and

longitudinal steel effect.

33

ZSUTTY EQUATION
Zsutty (1968) has formulated the following equations for
shear strength of concrete members;

Zsutty equation also takes into account size effect.

34

BAZANT &YU EQUATION

Bazant (2005) has formulated the following equation for
shear strength of concrete members;

where,
k = 693.7623
35

EFNARC GUIDELINES FOR MIX DESIGN

OF SCC (2002)
A concrete mix can only be classified as Self-compacting
Concrete if it consists the three properties as
Filling Ability
Passing Ability
Segregation Resistance
To ensure the above properties in concrete following are
the recommended tests by the EFNARC.

36

CONT.
Sr No.

Method

Property

Slump-flow by Abrams cone

Filling ability

T50 cm slump flow

Filling ability

J-ring

Passing ability

V-funnel

Filling ability

L-box

Passing ability

U-box

Passing ability

Fill-box

Passing ability

GTM screen stability test

Segregation resistance

10

Orimet

Filling ability
37

ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA FOR SCC

AS PER (EFNARC, 2002)
Method

Units

Slump flow by Abrams cone

J- ring
V-ring
L-box(h2/h1)
U-Box(h2-h1)
GTM Screen stability test
Orimet Test

mm
mm
sec
mm
%
sec

Minimum Maximum
650
0
6
0.8
0
0
0

800
10
12
1
30
15
5

38

MATERIAL AND MIX PROPORTION

Cement: Ordinary Portland Cement 43 grade was used

corresponding to IS-8112(1989). The typical content of
cement is 350-450 Kg/m3 as per the guidelines of
EFNARC (2002).
Coarse Aggregate: Coarse aggregates used for the
study was natural coarse aggregates (angular type of 20
and 10mm of size).They were used in ratio of 60:40 of
20mm to 10mm.
Fine Aggregate: Natural river sand is used as fine
aggregate.
Fly ash: F-Class Fly Ash was used in the study made
available by Ultra Tech RMC Plant, Ludhiana.
39

CONT.

Silica Fume: Silica fume is a by product of producing

silicon metal or ferrosilicon alloys. One of the most
beneficial uses for silica fume is in concrete as it is a
very reactive pozzolan. The silica fume used in this
study is provided by Elkem India Pvt. Ltd. (Microsilica
Grade 940-D).
Chemical Admixture (SP): GLENIUM B233 was used
as an Super Plasicizer in the concrete. It is an admixture
of a new generation based on modified poly-carboxylic
ether and compatible with all types of cements.

40

CONT.

Steel reinforcing bars: The reinforcing bars used were

12 mm, and 16 mm diameter high yield strength
deformed bars of brand TATA Tiscon of grade Fe415.
Water: In the present investigation, portable tap water
available for both curing and concrete mix in the
laboratory was used.

41

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF CEMENT

Results

Characteristics

Specified values as per IS:12269-1987

Standard Consistency (%)

33

Specific gravity

3.15

3.15

Initial Setting Time (min.)

>30mins

65

Final Setting Time (min.)

<600mins

215

observed

CUBE STRENGTH OF CEMENT

Compressive strength of
Cement (OPC 43 grade)

Specified values as
per IS:12269-1987

Results obtained

3 Days (N/mm2)

24.5

27

7 Days (N/mm2)

36.0

41

28 Days (N/mm2)

46.3

43
42

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF COARSE AGGREGATES

Characteristics

Results obtained

Type

Crushed

Shape

Angular

Specific gravity

2.66

Colour

Grey

Water absorption

1.0%

Fineness modulus

7.87

SIEVE ANALYSIS OF COARSE AGGREGATES FOR (AS PER IS: 383-1970)

IS: Sieve
designation

Wt retained on
sieve (gm)

% wt
retained

Cumulative %
wt retained

%
passing

40mm

100

20mm

200

4.0

4.00

96

10mm

4200

84

0.88

0.12

4.75mm

355

7.1

95.1

4.9

Pan

245

4.9

100

43

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FINE

AGGREGATES
Characteristics

Results obtained

Specific gravity

2.66

Water absorption (%)

1.0%

Fineness modulus

2.2

Grading zone

Zone-II (IS:383-1970)

44

SIEVE ANALYSIS OF FINE AGGREGATES

(AS PER IS: 383-1970)
IS sieve
designation

IS 383-1970
requirements for
zone II

wt retained

%wt

cumulative

on sieve (gm)

retained

%wt retained

passing

4.75mm

90-100

0.6

0.6

99.4

2.36mm

75-100

94

9.4

10

90.0

1.18mm

55-90

274

27.4

37.4

62.6

600 micron

35-40

234

23.4

60.8

39.2

300 micron

8-30

286

28.6

89.4

10.6

150 micron

0-10

79

7.9

97.3

2.7

0.75 micron

0-5

18

1.8

99.1

0.9

0.9

100

0.0

Pan

45

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF FLY ASH (CLASS-F)

ASTM Specified Results
values (%)
Obtained

Characteristics
Silicon dioxide (SiO2) + aluminium oxide (Al2O3) + iron
oxide (Fe2O3) (% by mass)

70.00(Min)

91.69

Silicon dioxide (SiO2) (% by mass)

Magnesium oxide (MgO) (% by mass)
Total sulphur as sulphur trioxide (SO3)
(% by mass)
Available alkalis as sodium oxide (Na2O) (% by mass)
Loss on Ignition (% by mass)
Moisture content (% by mass)

35.00(Min)
5.00(Max)
2.75(Max)
1.5(Max)
12(Max)
3.0(Max)

59.08
0.36
0.11
0.62
2.08
2.0

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FLY ASH (CLASS-F)

Characteristics

ASTM C 618 (Specified values)

Fineness Specific Surface (cm2/gm)

Residue on 45 micron seive

3200(min)
34(max)

Results
Obtained
3800
30.17
46

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SILICA

FUME (ELKEM MICROSILICA)
Characteristics
Specific Gravity
Colour
H2O (Moisture content when packed in %)

Specified values
2.5
Pale grey to dark grey
0 to 1

Specific Surface Area

About 2000m2/kg (approximately

10 times more than PC)

Particle size
Loss on Ignition (%)
Retained on 45 micron sieve (%)
Bulk Density- Densified (when packed in kg/m3)

Mostly fine spheres with a mean

diameter of 0.1 micron
0 to 3
1 to 5
500-700

47

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF SILICA

FUME (ELKEM MICROSILICA)
Characteristics

Specified Values

SiO2 (%)

90-96

Al2O3 (%)

0.5-0.8

MgO (%)

0.5-1.5

Fe2O3 (%)

0.2-0.8

CaO (%)

0.1-0.5

Na2O (%)

0.2-0.7

K2O (%)

0.4-1.0

C (%)

0.5-1.4

S (%)

0.1-0.4

48

TYPICAL PROPERTIES OF GLENIUM 233 (SP)

Characteristics

Results Obtained

Aspect

Light brown liquid

Relative Density

1.09 0.01 at 25C

pH

>6

Chloride ion content

< 0.2%

49

PROPERTIES OF STEEL REINFORCING

BARS
Permissible values as per

Results

IS-800-1984

obtained

Ultimate Stress (N/mm2)

>485

625

Proof Stress (N/mm2)

>415

482

Elongation (%)

>14

20.5

Characteristics

50

MIX PROPORTIONS
Mix
Type

Binder
Cement
(Kg/
(Kg/ m3)
3
m)

Fly
Ash
(Kg/
m3)

Silica
Fume
(Kg/
m3)

Water
(Kg/
m3)

20
mm
(Kg/
m3)

10mm
(Kg/
m3)

Sand
(Kg/
m3)

SP
(litre/
m3)

SCC_40

480

384

96

28.8

136.42 443.81 295.87 844.65

4.32

SCC_60

533

383.76

106.6

42.64

196.67 463.10 308.74 836.04

4.79

SCC_80

580

406

116

58

141.61 492.05 328.03 809.29

7.54

51

SCHEDULE OF BEAMS CASTED CASTING

Width
Shear
Sr.

Specimen

No.

Desig.

of

span-

t =

to-

100Ast/

depth

bd

Beams
(mm)

Overall
Depth of
Beam,
mm

Ratio

Effective
Depth (d)
(mm)

Nos. of
Long.
bars
provided

Effec.
span,
mm

Overall
length
provided
L (mm)

B1SCC40

1.5

3.1%

150

300

265

6 - 16

1395

1600

B2SCC60

1.5

3.1%

150

300

265

6 - 16

1395

1600

B3SCC80

1.5

3.1%

150

300

265

6 - 16

1395

1600

B4SCC40

2.5

3.1%

150

300

265

6 - 16

1925

2200

B5SCC60

2.5

3.1%

150

300

265

6 - 16

1925

2200

B6SCC80

2.5

3.1%

150

300

265

6 - 16

1925

2200

B7SCC40

3.5

3.1%

150

300

265

6 - 16

2455

2600

B8SCC60

3.5

3.1%

150

300

265

6 - 16

2455

2600

B9SCC80

3.5

3.1%

150

300

265

6 - 16

2455

2600
52

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

FRESH STATE PROPERTIES OF THE SCC MIX

Slump Flow V funnel Flow
( mm)
(sec)

L box J Ring Test U-Box (h2-h1)

h2/h1
(mm)
(mm)

Limits

650-800 mm

0-5 sec.

0.8-1.0

0-10 mm

0-30 mm

M40

690

0.81

25

M60

665

4.2

0.81

26

M80

690

4.1

0.98

22

SCC Mix

J-Ring Test

Slump Flow Test

54

U-BoxTest
V-Funnel Test

L-BoxTest

55

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF SCC MIX

Mix Name

Avg. Compressive Strength (MPa)

7 Days

28 Days

M40

26.75

44.5

M60

40.1

64.1

M80

54.85

83.74

56

SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH OF THE SCC MIX

SCC Mix

Avg. Split Tensile Strength (MPa)

7 Days

28 Days

M40

3.2

5.19

M60

3.9

6.68

M80

5.26

7.93

FLEXURAL STRENGTH OF SCC MIX

SCC Mix

Avg. Flexural Strength (MPa)

7 Days

28 Days

M40

3.5

5.25

M60

3.65

6.8

M80

5.26

7.74
57

EXPERIMENTAL SHEAR LOAD AND

SHEAR STRESS OF SCC BEAMS
Sr.
No

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

Shear
Normalized Ultimate
Normalize
% of span- Effective
Ultimate
Shear
Shear
Cube
d Shear
Specimen long.
todepth of
Shear
Failure
Stress,
Strength,
Stress,
Reinf, depth beam, d
Desig.
Load,
Load, Vun
Vus =
MPa
(Vu/bd)/f
t
Ratio
(mm)
Vu (kN) = Vu/fcu
Vu/bd
cu (MPa)
(a/d)
(KN)
(MPa)
B1SCC40
B2SCC60
B3SCC80
B4SCC40
B5SCC60
B6SCC80
B7SCC40
B8SCC60
B9SCC80

3.1
3.1
3.1
3.1
3.1
3.1
3.1
3.1
3.1

1.5
1.5
1.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
3.5
3.5
3.5

265
265
265
265
265
265
265
265
265

44.5
64.1
83.74
44.5
64.1
83.74
44.5
64.1
83.74

112
155.25
167.8
51
63
78.3
35.3
46.2
56.2

16.79
18.11
18.34
7.65
7.87
8.56
5.29
5.77
6.14

2.82
3.65
4.22
1.28
1.58
1.97
0.89
1.16
1.41

0.422
0.456
0.461
0.192
0.198
0.215
0.133
0.145
0.155

58

COMPARISON OF EXPERIMENTAL AND

PREDICTED SHEAR STRENGTH OF BEAMS
Normalized Predicted Shear Failure Load (kN)
Shear
Normalized
spanExp. Shear
IS
long.
Specimen
toFailure
ACI CAN
Zsutty
Bazant 456Reinf.
CEP FIP
Desig.
depth
Load f, Vun Code Code
Equation Equation 2000
(%)
Ratio
Code
(kN)
(a/d)
B1SCC40
B2SCC60
B3SCC80
B4SCC40
B5SCC60
B6SCC80
B7SCC40
B8SCC60
B9SCC80

3.1
3.1
3.1
3.1
3.1
3.1
3.1
3.1
3.1

1.5
1.5
1.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
3.5
3.5
3.5

16.79
18.11
18.34
7.65
7.87
8.56
5.29
5.77
6.14

8.15
7.93
12.11
7.30
7.21
9.53
6.94
6.91
6.88

7.54
7.69
7.77
7.54
7.69
7.77
7.54
7.69
7.77

10.49
10.01
9.63
8.85
8.44
8.12
7.72
7.54
7.26

18.06
22.57
26.33
7.89
8.13
9.48
4.89
5.80
6.77

5.01
5.11
5.16
3.97
4.29
4.33
3.84
3.92
3.96

6.10
5.41
4.93
6.10
5.41
4.93
6.09
5.41
4.92
59

HYDRAULIC ACTUATOR & LOAD CELL

60

TYPICAL SHEAR FAILURE OF BEAM

B1SCC40_1.
5

B3SCC80_2.
5

61

CONT

B7SCC40_1.
5

62

GRAPH 1

63

GRAPH 2

64

GRAPH 3

65

GRAPH 4

66

RESULTS
Grade
of
Concret
e
M40
M60
M80

a/d
Ratio
1.5 to
3.5
1.5 to
3.5
1.5 to
3.5

Decrease in
Normalized
Shear
Strength (%)
217.28
213.85
198.58

Increase in
a/d
Normalize
Grade of
Rati
d Shear
Concrete
o
Strength
(%)
M40 to
1.5
9.22
M80
M40 to
2.5
11.92
M80
M40 to
3.5
16.06
M80

The shear resistance of the SCC Beams was found to be

strongly influenced by a/d ratio, showing decreasing shear
capacities with increasing a/d ratio of the beams
It is also noticed that there is modest gain in shear strength
with increase grade of the concrete.
67

CONCLUSIONS
1.

Irrespective of the strength (40/60/80 MPa) the shear

resistance of the SCC Beams was found to be strongly
influenced by a/d ratio, showing decreasing shear
capacities with increasing a/d ratio of the beams, as
there is 217.28% increase in shear strength of M40
grade concrete beams for the change in a/d ratio from
1.5 to 3.5. Similarly there is 213.85% and 198.58%
rise in the shear strength of M60 and M80 grade
beams for change in a/d ratio from 1.5 to 3.5.

68

CONT.
2.

3.

Irrespective of the a/d ratio, with increase in the grade

of the concrete, a modest gain in shear strength of just
about 9-16% was observed as the compressive
strength of concrete increased from 40 N/mm2 to 80
N/mm2. The lower shear strength of SCC is attributed
to the development of lesser aggregate interlock as a
consequence of the lower coarse aggregate quantity
present in SCC beams.
The shear strength predictions of IS 456:2000 was
conservative with respect to the a/d ratio of 3.5; the
degree of conservatism is significantly lower when
compared to the exp. shear strength of beams with a/d
ratio of 2.5
69

4.

5.

IS 456-2000 does not take into account the influence of

a/d ratio on shear strength and gives a constant value
above M40 grade concrete and 3.0% percentage of
longitudinal reinforcement.
As compared to experimental values ACI-318 code, it is
relevant only for a/d ratio of 2.5. Whereas it
underestimates the Normalized shear strength of SCC
beams by 51 to 106% for shear span to depth ratio of
1.5 and over-estimates by 20% to 29% for a/d ratio of
3.5.
The Normalized shear strength prediction as per
Canadian Code is also relevant for a/d ratio of 2.5 as
compared to the experimental values, but not relevant
for a/d ratio of 1.5 and 3.5. Canadian code has not
considered the effect of a/d ratio of the beams.
70

CONT.
6.

The CEP-FIP model of shear strength prediction has

considered the effect of beam size, % of longitudinal
ratio and the a/d ratio of the beam, but still underestimates the shear strength of the beams for lower a/d
ratio beams.

71

SCOPE OF FUTURE STUDY

The dimensional parameters such as depth and width of

beam could be varied in order to check the influence of
beam sectional area/depth on shear strength.
In this experimental investigation M40, M60 and M80
grade of concrete was used. Further investigation can be
done for other high grades of concrete.

72

73

Thank you .............