Hydraulic

Engineering
CEWB222
CHAPTER 1 (INTRODUCTION)

Dr. Mohd Hafiz bin Zawawi

What is Hydraulics?
Hydraulic may be defined as the science
that deals with the mechanical behavior of
water at rest or in motion.
The mechanical behavior may entail
computing forces and energy.
The science of fluid at rest is called
hydrostatics
The science of moving fluid is called
hydrodynamics
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Distinction
Fluid Mechanics is the study of fluids
itself under all condition. The fluids maybe
gaseous or liquid.
Hydraulic Primarily deals with water. A
hydraulic approach is more empirical and
emphasis on finding solution of practical
value practically

 Hydrology Study of space and time and

frequency characteristics of the quality and
quality of water on earth.

TYPES AND CLASSIFICATION OF FLOW

Two types of flow of water in a conduit

Closed conduit flow (Pipe
flow) It does not have any
free surface. If there is free
surface in water flow in
pipes, therefore it is
classified as open channel
flow.

Classification of open
Classification based
on time criteria
channel
flows
(a) Steady flow is for flows with constant depth
during
the time interval under considerate. The flow is
continuous i.e. discharge is continuous throughout the
reach of the channel under consideration. Therefore,
the discharge at a channel section, Q
Q1 = Q2 = Q3
(where the subscripts denotes
different
Channel sections).
Note:
Q = AV
Where :
A = flow cross sectional area (m2)
V = mean velocity m/s
(b) Unsteady flow
is for flows with depth that
changes with
time.
Examples are surges and flood flows.

Uniform flow are based on space

criteria
Uniform flow is flows with the same depth at
every section of the channel. Uniform flow can
be further classified into:
i) Steady uniform flow where the depth also
does not change (constants) during the time
interval.
ii) Unsteady uniform flow where the depth
changes during the time interval but at the
same time the water surface remains parallel to
the channel bottom.

VARIED FLOWS
Varied flow is for flows with the depth of
flow that changes along the length of the
channel.
Varied flow can be further classified into :
i) Gradually varied flow (GVF) where
the depth changes gradually over a
comparatively long distance.
ii) Rapidly varied flow (RVF) where the
depth changes abruptly over a
comparatively short distance.
iii) Spatially varied flow or discontinuous
flow where some flow is added to or
abstracted from the flow system.
Example would be like flows at roadside
gutters and feeding channels in irrigation
systems.

CLASSIFICATION OF OPEN CHANNEL

FLOWS
Classification of Open Channel Flows
Steady flow

Unsteady flow

Uniform flow

Varied flow

Rapid varied flow

Gradually varied
Flow

CLASSIFICATION OF OPEN
CHANNEL FLOWS
Steady flow/
unsteady flow

Uniform flow/
varied flow

Steady
Steady
Steady
Steady

Uniform flow
Gradually varied flow
Rapidly varied flow
Spatially varied flow

Unsteady
Unsteady
Unsteady

Gradually varied flow

Rapidly varied flow
Spatially varied flow

classification

Classification

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State of flow
The state is governed by:
a) The effect of viscosity
b) The effects of gravity
The effect of viscosity relative to inertia would cause
the flow to be in either one of the following states :

State of flow
i) Laminar flow :
Viscous forces are so strong relative to the inertial forces.
Water particles appear to move in streamlines
Reynolds number Re < 500
ii) Turbulent flow :
Viscous forces are weak relative to
the inertial forces
Water particles move in irregular
paths but still represent the forward
motion of the entire stream
Reynolds number , Re > 1000
iii) Transitional flow
The flow state between laminar and
turbulent flows 500 < Re < 1000

State of flow
b) The effects of gravity
i)

The effect of viscosity relative to inertia would cause the flow to be

in either one of the following states:
Subcritical flow :
Gravity force is more pronounced
The flow has a low velocity and often tranquil and streaming
Froude Number , F <1

F=
gy

ii) Supercritical flow :

Inertial force is dominant
The flow has high a velocity and often rapid, shooting and
torrential
Froude number , F >1
iii) Critical flow :
A state of flow between subcritical and supercritical flow
Froude number, F = 1

Froude Number
Froude number, Fr, is a dimensionless value that
describes different flow regimes of open channel flow
. The Froude number is a ratio of inertial and
gravitational forces.

Gravity (numerator) - moves water downhill

Inertia (denominator) - reflects its willingness

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Regimes of
The combined effects
of viscosity and
Flow
gravity would result in either one of the
following regimes of flow is governed by:
1. Subcritical-laminar flow, F < 1 and Re <
500
2. Supercritical laminar flow, F > 1 and Re <
500
3. Supercritical Turbulent flow, F > 1 and Re
>1000
4. Subcritical Turbulent flow, F <1 and Re
>1000

Froude Number for Open Channel

Flow

picture

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figure 1

Hydraulic jump

Note that there is head loss in an hydraulic jump

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jump

Hydraulic jump on Rattan Creek, TX. July 2, 2002

strong jump: Fr > 9.0, rough

wavy surface downstream
steady jump: 4.5<Fr < 9.0,
stable and well-balanced

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TEXTBOOKS REFERENCES
Lariyah, M.S. & Norazli, O., Hydraulic Notes,
UNITEN, 2006
Roberson, J. A., Cassidy, J. J. & Chaudry, H.,
Hydraulic Engineering, 1st S.I. Ed., John Wiley,
1998
Chin, D., Water Resources Engineering, Prentice
Hall, 2006

Thank
You