Advanced Structural Design - Lecture Note 09 P2

6102BEUG- Lecture Note:
09
8/13/15
Pre-stress losses (Cl. 5.10,

EC2)
Loss of pre-stresses is the difference between the jacking force in the
tendon at the pre-stressing stage and the force after losses have
occurred. Some of the losses occur immediately when the force is
transferred to the concrete, e.g elastic shortening of the member.
Other losses occur with time, e.g. creep of the concrete. The jacking
force does not exceed 90% of the characteristic strength of the tendon
and is generally not less than 75% (cl 5.10.3(2),EC2). In practice total
losses of the jacking force are within the range of 15%-40%. If large
losses of pre-stress occur then the advantages of pre-stressed
concrete, e.g. no cracks at service load, are lost. It is therefore
advantageous to minimize the loss of pre-stress.
per cent loss of pre-stress = 100*(jacking stress-final stress)/
(jacking stress)
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Prepared by: Eng. Chamil Duminda Mahagamage

B.Sc.Eng (Hons), C Eng,
MIE(SL)

09
8/13/15
Factors affect to loss of pre-stress
Relaxation
of the steel
(1-12 %)
Elastic
deformation
of the
concrete
(1-10 %)
Shrinkage of Creep of the Draw in

the concrete concrete
during
(5-15 %)
(1-6 %)
anchorage
(0-5 %)
Friction in
the ducts
and at
anchorage
(3-7 %)
Note-: Initially, in design calculations, the loss of pre-stress is

estimated from past experience and later, when the section shape and
size has been determined, a more accurate calculation is made. A
reasonably accurate estimation of the loss of pre-stress is required
because it affects service load conditions.
a). Relaxation of steel (cl. 5.10.4, cl. 3.3.2 and Annex D, EC2)
If a steel tendon is stressed to about 80% of its characteristic strength
and anchored over a fixed length, then after 1000h the stress will
reduce. This phenomena, which is not fully understood, is called
relaxation, and may be defined as a loss of stress at constant strain.
Prepared by:
Eng. Chamil Duminda
The
precise
value
willanddepend upon whether
pre-tensioning
orMahagamage
postInternational
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tensioning is used and the characteristics of the steel type.
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Elastic deformation of the concrete (cl. 5.10.4, EC2)

b).
If a jacking force from a pre-stressing tendon is transferred to a
concrete member then, because the concrete behaves elastically, the
member immediately reduces in length. If the steel and concrete are
bonded together, as in pre-tensioned pre-stressed concrete, then the
reduction in length is the same for the concrete and the steel and is
unavoidable. In post-tensioned concrete, because the tendon is not
bonded to the concrete during stressing operations, the elastic
reduction in length of the concrete can be allowed for when jacking
and the loss can be reduced to a very small value.
Assuming elastic behaviour for a pre-tensioned member where the
steel is bonded to the concrete before the jacking force is transferred
to the concrete.
Where, Compressive stress in the concrete from axial load or prestressing

P0/Ac + P0e2/I
Secant modulus of elasticity of concrete (refer Table 3.1, eqn 3.1 &
3.5)
Loss of stress in the steel
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Design
of and
modulus of elasticity
of pre-stressing
steel
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If f is the jacking stress in the steel

09
8/13/15
The design value for the modulus of elasticity E p may be assumed

equal to 205GPa for wires and bars and 195GPa for strands.
Note-: It is normally adequate to assume 50% of the above loss in the
case of post tensioning.
c). Shrinkage of concrete (cl 3.1.4,EC2)

Shrinkage of concrete is a reduction in dimensions of a concrete
member and when related to loss of pre-stress it is the shrinkage in
length which is important. The more important factors which influence
shrinkage in concrete are
1. aggregate used
2. original water content
3. effective age at transfer
4. effective section thickness
5. ambient relative humidity
In the absence of experimental evidence values of shrinkage strain
(cs) can be calculated using equations given in Cl. 3.1. (6).
Assuming elastic behaviour, the loss of pre-stress in the pre-stressing
steel
fs = Ep s
4
Assuming equal strains in the steel and concrete
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Percentage loss of pre-stress related to the jacking stress

= 100(fs/fpi) = 100Ep cs /fpi
Percentage loss of pre-stress due to the shrinkage of concrete
= 100Ep cs /fpi
d) Creep of concrete (Cl. 3.1.4, EC2)

Creep is the change in strain which occurs very slowly after the
immediate elastic strain has taken place. The creep coefficient depend
on the following.
1. original water content
2. effective age at transfer
3. effective section thickness
4. ambient relative humidity
5. ambient temperature
Creep strain in concrete is stress dependent and values can be
obtained from Fig. 3.1, EC2. Expressed as the elastic strain multiplied
by the final creep coefficient >1.
cc(,t0) = (,t0) .(c/Ec)
Assuming elastic behaviour, then loss of pre-stress in the steel
fs = Ep s
5
(Hons), C Eng,
Assuming the strain in the steel equals the creep strain inB.Sc.Eng
the concrete
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Percentage loss of pre-stress related to the jacking stress

= 100(fs/fpi) = 100(Ep /Ec) (,t0)c /fpi
Loss of pre-stress due to the creep of concrete = 100(Ep /Ec)
(,t0)c /fpi
e). Anchorage Slip (Cl. 5.10.4, 5.10.5.3,EC2)
Anchorage slip reduces the stress in the wires or tendon and results in
a loss of pre-stress.
When the wires for pre-tensioned pre-stressed concrete members are
being stressed the wires are fixed to a single cross-head and the slip
can be allowed for and consequently the loss of pre-stress is small.
In post-tensioning systems allowance should be made for any slip of
the tendon at the anchorage when the pre-stressing force is
transferred from the tensioning equipment to the anchorage. This loss
may be large for short members. In practice the slip at the anchorage
L is known and the strain L/L can be calculated.
Loss of pre-stress due to the anchorage slip = 100(L/L)Ep/fpi

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f). Friction Loss(Cl. 5.10.5.2, EC2)

If frictional forces act along the length of a tendon then the force at a
point distant from the jack will be less than at the jack.
Generally, for pre-tensioned members the wires are straight and
frictional losses only occur during jacking operations at the anchorage.
The magnitude is generally known and allowance can be made.
For post-tensioned members the tendons are contained in straight or
curves ducts and during jacking operations the tendons move relative
to frictional surfaces.
Losses due to friction P(x) in post-tensioned tendons may be

estimated from
P(x) = P0(1-e-(+kx))
Where,
= sum of the angular displacements over a distance x
(irrespective of direction or sign)
= coefficient of friction between the tendon and its duct (Table
5.1)
k = an unintentional angular displacement for internal tendons
(per unit length)
x = distance along the tendon from the point where the prePrepared by: Eng. Chamil Duminda Mahagamage
International
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and to P
stressing
force
is equal
(P
)
(the
force at the active
end(Hons),
during
7
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C Eng,
max
0
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If the radius of curvature is large = x/r ps

For a straight duct with a wobble =kx
a
t
x
L
rps = L2/(8at) + at/2
Loss of pre-stress due to the friction = 100(1-e-(+kx))

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Example 05
Determine the loss of pre-stress for the post-tensioned beam shown in

figure below which is subjected to a total jacking force P0 = 1000kN.
Assume C40/50 Grade concrete, jacking from both ends, and smooth
round bars stressed to 70% of the characteristic stress.

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Example 06
A post tensioned beam shown in figure below is stressed by two

tendons with a parabolic profile and having a total cross sectional area
Ap = 7500mm2. The total initial pre-stress force is P0 = 10500kN and
the total characteristic strength is Ppk = 14000kN

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Analysis of a section in bending at the Ultimate Limit

State (Cl. 3.1.7, EC2)
Analysis entails the determination of the moment of resistance of a
section given the size of the section and reinforcement. The behaviour
of a pre-stressed concrete member in bending at the ultimate limit
state is similar to that of an ordinary reinforced concrete member.
The basic concepts are simple and the analysis of a section in bending
at ultimate load is based on the following assumptions.
1. Plane section remain plane,
2. The strain in bonded reinforcement, whether in tension or
compression, is the same as that in the surrounding concrete.
3. The tensile strength of concrete is ignored.
4. The stresses in the reinforcement or pre-stressing steel are
derived from the design curves. (Fig. 3.8 & 3.10 in EC2)
5. The initial pre-strain in the pre-stressing tendons is taken in to
account when assessing the stresses in the tendons at the ultimate
limit state.
6. For cross sections subject to pure longitudinal compression, the
compressive strain is limited to 0.002 and for bending 0.0035.
7. The tensile strain in the steel is limited to 0.02.
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The partial safety factors on loads and material for this analysis are
the normal values for the ultimate limit state. However, in
consideration of the effect of the pre-stress force this force should be
multiplied by a partial safety factor of 0.9 when the pre-stress force is
considered to be, as is usual, a favourable effect.
As the loads on a pre-stressed member increase above the working
values, cracking occurs and the pre-stressing steel begins to behave
as conventional reinforcement. The behaviour of the member at the
ULS is exactly as that of an ordinary reinforced concrete member
except that the initial strain in the steel must be taken in to account in
the calculations.
The total steel strain is that due to bending added to the initial strain
in the steel resulting from pre-stress. For a series of assumed neutral
axis positions, the total tension capacity is compared with the
compressive force developed by a uniform stress of 0.567fck, and
when reasonable agreement is obtained, the moment of resistance can
be evaluated.

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Calculation of ultimate moment of resistance

The section of a pre-tensioned beam shown in Figure below is stressed
by ten 5mm wires of 0.1% proof stress fp0.1k = 1600N/mm2. If these
wires are initially stressed to 1120N/mm2 and 30% losses are
anticipated, estimate the ultimate moment of resistance of the section
if class C35/45 concrete is used.
Design of additional reinforcement

Design un-tensioned high yield reinforcement (fyk=500N/mm2) for the
rectangular beam shown in figure below which is stressed by five 5mm
wires, if the ultimate moment of resistance to exceed 40kNm for class
40/50 concrete. The characteristic strength of tensioned steel, f p0.1k =
1600N/mm2.

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Analysis of a section in shear (Cl. 6.2, EC2)

Shear in pre-stressed concrete is considered at the ultimate limit state.
Design for shear therefore involves the most severe loading conditions,
with the usual partial safety factors.
The response of a member in resisting shear is similar to that for
reinforced concrete, but with the additional effects of the compression
due to the pre-stressing force. This will increase the shear resistance
considerably and this is taken into account in EC2 by enhancing the
equation for the shear capacity (VRd,c) of the section without shear
reinforcement.
In calculating the design shear force, VEd, it is permissible to take into
account the vertical component of force in any inclined tendons which
will tend to act in a direction that resist shear, thus enhancing the
shear capacity of the section. In such a case the pre-stressing force
should be multiplied by the partial safety factor of 0.9.
Members not requiring design shear reinforcement
In regions of pre-stressed beams where shear forces are small and,
taking into account any beneficial effect of forces attributable to
inclined pre-stressing tendons, the concrete section on its own may
Chamil Duminda
Mahagamage
have sufficient
shearand
capacity (VRd,c) to Prepared
resist by:
theEng.
ultimate
shear
force
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(VEd).
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Shear strength without shear reinforcement- regions un-cracked in

bending
For the special case of a single span beam, in regions which are uncracked in bending (i.e where sagging moments are relatively small
near to the supports), the shear strength of the concrete section could
be governed by the development of excessive tensile stresses in the
concrete. These regions are defined as where the flexural tensile stress
in the un-cracked section does not exceed fctk,0.05/c, where fctk is the
characteristic axial tensile strength of the concrete.

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The variable strut inclination method for sections that require shear
reinforcement

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Steps for shear design

Note-: All shear will be resisted by the provision of links with no direct
contribution from the shear capacity of the concrete itself.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Calculate shear force at the section

Check if shear reinforcement is required
Check the crushing strength of the concrete diagonal strut (V Rd,max)
Calculate the area and spacing of links
Calculate the minimum link requirement
Calculate the additional longitudinal force due to the shear and
longitudinal reinforcement requirement.

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Example 07
End of Lecture Note 09

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6102BEUG- Lecture Note:

Pre-stress losses (Cl. 5.10,

International College of Business and

Prepared by: Eng. Chamil Duminda Mahagamage

6102BEUG- Lecture Note:

Factors affect to loss of pre-stress

Shrinkage of Creep of the Draw in

Note-: Initially, in design calculations, the loss of pre-stress is

6102BEUG- Lecture Note:

Elastic deformation of the concrete (cl. 5.10.4, EC2)

Where, Compressive stress in the concrete from axial load or prestressing

6102BEUG- Lecture Note:

The design value for the modulus of elasticity E p may be assumed

c). Shrinkage of concrete (cl 3.1.4,EC2)

6102BEUG- Lecture Note:

Percentage loss of pre-stress related to the jacking stress

d) Creep of concrete (Cl. 3.1.4, EC2)

6102BEUG- Lecture Note:

Percentage loss of pre-stress related to the jacking stress

International College of Business and

Prepared by: Eng. Chamil Duminda Mahagamage

6102BEUG- Lecture Note:

f). Friction Loss(Cl. 5.10.5.2, EC2)

Losses due to friction P(x) in post-tensioned tendons may be

6102BEUG- Lecture Note:

If the radius of curvature is large = x/r ps

Loss of pre-stress due to the friction = 100(1-e-(+kx))

International College of Business and

Prepared by: Eng. Chamil Duminda Mahagamage

6102BEUG- Lecture Note:

Determine the loss of pre-stress for the post-tensioned beam shown in

International College of Business and

Prepared by: Eng. Chamil Duminda Mahagamage

6102BEUG- Lecture Note:

A post tensioned beam shown in figure below is stressed by two

International College of Business and

Prepared by: Eng. Chamil Duminda Mahagamage

6102BEUG- Lecture Note:

Analysis of a section in bending at the Ultimate Limit

Prepared by: Eng. Chamil Duminda Mahagamage

6102BEUG- Lecture Note:

International College of Business and

Prepared by: Eng. Chamil Duminda Mahagamage

6102BEUG- Lecture Note:

Calculation of ultimate moment of resistance

Design of additional reinforcement

International College of Business and

Prepared by: Eng. Chamil Duminda Mahagamage

6102BEUG- Lecture Note:

Analysis of a section in shear (Cl. 6.2, EC2)

6102BEUG- Lecture Note:

International College of Business and

Prepared by: Eng. Chamil Duminda Mahagamage

6102BEUG- Lecture Note:

Shear strength without shear reinforcement- regions un-cracked in

International College of Business and

Prepared by: Eng. Chamil Duminda Mahagamage

6102BEUG- Lecture Note:

International College of Business and

Prepared by: Eng. Chamil Duminda Mahagamage

6102BEUG- Lecture Note:

International College of Business and