Electromagnetics II

Unit 2 Line Terminated by Resistive Load,

Transmission Line Discontinuity
Lecturer: Professor Jean-Fu Kiang
Text book: N. N. Rao, Elements of Engineering
Electromagnetics, sixth ed., Pearson, 2004.
Unless noted, the course materials are licensed under
Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Taiwan
(CC BY-NC-SA 3.0)

Voltage and Current in Transmission Line

V1 (z) V1 e jk1z V1 ejk1z
V1 jk1z V1 jk1z
I 1 (z)
e
e
Z01
Z01
V2 (z) V2 e jk2 z
V2 jk2 z
I 2 (z)
e
Z02

Reflection and Transmission Coefficients

between Two Transmission Lines (1/2)
At z 0,
KVL: V1 (0) V2 (0)
/ V1

V1 V1 V2 1 v v

KCL: I1 (0) I 2 (0)

V1 V1 V2 /V1 1 v v

Z 01
Z 02
Z 01
Z 02

2
3

Reflection and Transmission Coefficients

between Two Transmission Lines (2/2)

solve 1 , 2

Z02 Z01
v
Z02 Z01
2Z02
v
Z02 Z01

Example 1 - Three Transmission Lines

Matched at source and load

Time-space Diagram of Example 1

Output Voltage with Delta Input

in Example 1
4
4
4
vo (t ) (t T0 ) 2 (t T0 2T2 ) 3 (t T0 4T2 ) ...
9
9
9
4

9 n 0

1
(t T0 2nT2 )
9

R (t ): impulse response function

vi (t) (t)

In general : vo (t ) R (t )vi ( ) d
0

Output Voltage with Harmonic Input

in Example 1
If vi (t ) cos t
Consider a dispersion-free system
4
vo (t )
9 n 0

1
cos (t T0 2nT2 )
9

4
Re
9 n 0

1
j (T0 2 nT2 ) j t
e
e
9

(4 / 9)e j T0
V o ( )
1
1 e j 2T2
9
Frequency response function

Transmission-line Discontinuity
with Inserted Resistor
V1 (z) V1 e jk1z V1 ejk1z
V
V
I 1 (z) 1 e jk1z 1 ejk1z
Z01
Z01
V2 (z) V2 e jk2 z
V
I 2 (z) 2 e jk2 z
Z02

Evaluation of Reflection
and Transmission Coefficients
B.C. at z 0,
KVL: V1 (0) V2 (0)
V1 V1 V2 1 v v

(1)

KCL: I 1 (0) I 2 (0) I L

/V1
V1 V1 1
1
1 v
v
V

V2

Z01
Z01
Z02 || ZL
Z02 ZL
I L 2
ZL

(2)

1/ Z02 ||ZL

10

Equivalent Lumped-circuit of an Infinitesimal Parallel-plate

Waveguide

(ZL || Z02 ) Z01

(ZL || Z02 ) Z01

v 1 v

11

Time-domain
Reflectometry

ZL 120, Z02 60

ZL || Z02 40

40 60
1

40 60
5
4
v 1 v
5
v

12

Example 3: Inductive Load

13

Example 3: Solution
t T , at z l
V0
d V
V
V L 0
2
dt 2 Z 0 Z 0
V
L dV
V 0
Z 0 dt
2
I L (t T ) 0
V (t T )

V0
2

initial
condition

V0
Ae(tT )/( L/Z0 ) ,
2
L
let L
Z0
V
V
I.C. : 0 0 A
2
2
A V0

V0
V
V
V0 e(tT )/ L , t T ; I 0 0 e(tT )/ L , t T
2
2Z0 Z0
14

Exercise: Capacitive Load

t T (z l)

V0 V
d V0

dt 2
2
Z
Z0

0
V
dV
CZ 0 V 0
dt
2
V

VC (t T ) 0 0 V
0
2

T
C

V (t T )

V0
(I.C.)
2
( t )/( Z 0C )
{

V
V 0 Ae
2
(I.C.) A V0
V

V0
V
V
V0e (t )/ c , I 0 0 e (t )/ c
2
2Z 0 Z 0

15

Voltage and Current at z=l

V z l

V0

V0 / Z0

I z l

t
16

Propagation of V and I Waves

t 0

V(z,0) V (z,0) V (z,0)

Z0 I (z,0) V (z,0) V (z,0)

1
V(z,0) Z0 I (z,0)

2
1
V (z,0) V(z,0) Z0 I (z,0)
2

V z,t

V (z,0)

t
V z,t

17

Propagation of V and I Waves

I z,t

I z,t

18

Example 4
Z0 50,
T 1 s,

RL 150
V0 100V

At t 0 :
KVL:
RL I V0 V
V
RL V0 V
Z0

V V0

Z0
25V
RL Z 0

I V0

1
1
A
RL Z 0
2

19

Conservation of Energy
1
1
2
We CV 0l CV 20 vpT
2
2
2
1
1
1
V
0
CV 20
T
T 10 4 J
2
2 Z0
LC
1 2
Wm LI 0l 0, at t 0
2

V 2 (0,t)
Wd dt
10 4 J
0
RL
20

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Jean-Fu Kiang / National Taiwan

University
This work is licensed by
Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-Sha
reAlike 3.0 Taiwan

Jean-Fu Kiang / National Taiwan

University
This work is licensed by
Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-Sha
reAlike 3.0 Taiwan
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University
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reAlike 3.0 Taiwan

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Jean-Fu Kiang / National Taiwan

University
This work is licensed by
Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-Sha
reAlike 3.0 Taiwan

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Jean-Fu Kiang / National Taiwan

University
This work is licensed by
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University
This work is licensed by
Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-Sha
reAlike 3.0 Taiwan

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Jean-Fu Kiang / National Taiwan

University
This work is licensed by
Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-Sha
reAlike 3.0 Taiwan

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Jean-Fu Kiang / National Taiwan

University
This work is licensed by
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reAlike 3.0 Taiwan
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Page

Work

Licensing

Author/Source

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Jean-Fu Kiang / National Taiwan

University
This work is licensed by Creative Commons
Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0
Taiwan

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Jean-Fu Kiang / National Taiwan

University
This work is licensed by Creative Commons
Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0
Taiwan

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Jean-Fu Kiang / National Taiwan

University
This work is licensed by Creative Commons
Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0
Taiwan

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Copyright Declaration
Page

19

Work

Licensing

Author/Source
Jean-Fu Kiang / National Taiwan
University
This work is licensed by Creative Commons
Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0
Taiwan

25