Electromagnetics II

Unit 4 Resonant Modes, Bilinear Transformation between

Impedance and Reflection Coefficient
Lecturer: Professor Jean-Fu Kiang
Text book: N. N. Rao, Elements of Engineering
Electromagnetics, sixth ed., Pearson, 2004.
Unless noted, the course materials are licensed under
Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Taiwan
(CC BY-NC-SA 3.0)

Transmission Line with Short-circuited Load

Z in
z l

Z z

V z V e j z V ej z 2 jV sin z

Z 0,

impedance : Z z

I z

V z
jZ 0 tan z
I z

z 0

V j z V j z
V
e e 2 cos z
Z0
Z0
Z0

V 0 0 V V

input impedance : Zin Z l jZ 0 tan z jX in

Z in 0 l n l n
Z in l 2n 1

2n 1
l

2
4

Resonant Modes or Natural Modes

j z

V(z) Ve

Ve

jz

2V j sin z

V jz V jz 2V
e

e
j cos z
Z0
Z0
Z0
B. C. at z 0, V(z 0) 0 V V
I(z)

V(z, t) Re V(z)e

4l
, n 1, 2, 3,...
2n 1

3
4l
3

c
c
4
3
2l
3c
f
(Hz) oscillation frequency
4l

n : oscillation modes
cos l 0 l 2 n 1

sin t
2V sin zcos t /2

2V
I(z, t) Re I(z)ejt
cos zcos t
0
Z

B. C. at z l , I ( z l ) 0

jt

V
P(z, t) V z,t I z, t sin 2zsin 2 t
Z0
1 T
P(z, t) P(z, t)dt 0 no net power
T 0

Input Reactance

Im Zin Xin

X j L

inductive

X j

3
4

capacitive

I1 Z

in 1

Z 01,

1
1

V1

Two Transmission lines with

Z
I Short-circuited Loads
in 2

V1 V2

V2

Z 02 ,
2,

2
2

I 1 I 2

I1 I 2
0
V1 V2

Z01 tan 1l1 Z02 tan 2l2 0

l2

l1

Z in1 jZ 01 tan 1l1

Z in2 jZ 02 tan 2l2

1 2 f 11

Z 01 tan 2 f 11 l1 Z 02 tan 2 f 2 2 l2 0
A discrete number of f :
resonant frequency, natural frequency of oscillation

2 2 f 2 2
5

Transmission Line with an Arbitrary Load

Z in

Z z

IL

V z V e j z V ej z VL V V

Z0,

z 0

z l
Z z

V z
1 z
Z0
I z
1 z

Z in Z l Z 0

1 l
1 l

V j z V j z
V V ZL
I z
e e IL

Z0
Z0
Z0 Z0

V
V z V e j z 1 e2 j z V e j z 1 z
V

V
I z e j z 1 z
Z0

V
ZL L
IL

L V /V

Z0

1 L
Z Z0
L L
1 L
ZL Z0

z L e2 j z
6

Reflection Coefficient at Any z

Im

-p la n e
z

Z z / Z0 1 Z z 1

Z z / Z0 1 Z z 1

L
1

Z z : normalized impedance

L L ej
V z V 1 z
I z

V
1 z
Z0

2 z

1,0

to w a rd lo a d (z )

R e

1 z
z Le2

j z

to w a rd g e n e ra to r (z )
7

Calculate Admittance in -plane

z / 4 Le

2 j z /4

L e 2 j z z

2
4

Z z Z z / 4

1 z 1 z / 4
1
1 z 1 z / 4

Y z / 4 Z z

Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR)

Z in

Z z

IL

Z0,

VSWR
L

First Vmin

2 dmin

z 0

z l
V z

I z

d m in

,
4
4 dmin

dmin

V 1

V 1

V
1
Z0
V
1
Z0

Vmax
Vmin
occurs at z dmin

Reflection Coefficient at Load

VSWR
d min

Vmax 1 L
VSWR-1

Vmin 1 L
VSWR+1

4 d min

L
L

10

Smith Chart
Im

-p la n e
t o w a r d l o a d ( z )
L
1

2 z

1,0

R e

1 z
z Le2

j z

to w a rd g e n e ra to r (z )
11

Quarter-wavelength Transformer
g

d1

4
Z

4
1 L
Z2 Z0
, Z1 Z0
1 L

d1

Z1Z2 Zq2 Zq Z0
Z1

1 L
1 L

12

Copyright Declaration
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Work

Licensing

Author/Source

Jean-Fu Kiang / National Taiwan

University
This work is licensed by
Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-Sha
reAlike 3.0 Taiwan

Jean-Fu Kiang / National Taiwan

University
This work is licensed by
Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-Sha
reAlike 3.0 Taiwan

Jean-Fu Kiang / National Taiwan

University
This work is licensed by
Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-Sha
reAlike 3.0 Taiwan
13

Copyright Declaration
Page

Work

Licensing

Author/Source

Jean-Fu Kiang / National Taiwan

University
This work is licensed by
Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-Sha
reAlike 3.0 Taiwan

Jean-Fu Kiang / National Taiwan

University
This work is licensed by
Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-Sha
reAlike 3.0 Taiwan

Jean-Fu Kiang / National Taiwan

University
This work is licensed by
Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-Sha
reAlike 3.0 Taiwan
14

Copyright Declaration
Page

Work

Licensing

Author/Source

11

Jean-Fu Kiang / National Taiwan

University
This work is licensed by Creative Commons
Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0
Taiwan

12

Jean-Fu Kiang / National Taiwan

University
This work is licensed by Creative Commons
Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0
Taiwan

15