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IMPACT PROPERTIES
Based on the nature of the proceses
involved there are 5 different kinds of
fracture which occur in metals
Ductile
Brittle
Adiabatic shear
Creep
Fatigue fracture
Origin of fracture
IMPACT PROPERTIES
Many engineering components are
subjected to suddenly applied loads and
they are expected to transmit or absorb
this impact load.
The energy of the impact load can be
absorbed by the component as
Elastic deformation or
Plastic deformation or
Both types of deformation
Charpy specimens
Izod specimens
Specimen size
Notch geometry
Testing conditions involved
and it can not be generalized to other sizes of specimens
and conditions
Temperature;
The notched-bar impact test has the greatest
practical importance in determining the
"ductile-to-brittle" transition of a metal (under
controlled temperature)
The term ductile-to-brittle transition describes a
low-temperature brittleness exhibited by
certain metal which otherwise are ductile
metals.
Thus we have the concept of a ductile-to-brittle
transition temperature below which the
material is brittle, and fractures with a low
energy absorption and low ductility, and
above which it is ductile.
Therefore:
If the brittle failure is to be prevented during the
service of a component, a material (steel) with
lower transition temperature than any service
temperature which is likely to be met can be
used.
As an engineer, in impact like or low temperature
applications make sure that FTP (or at least
FATT) of your material is below the lowest service
temperature of the application for which your are
selecting a material
Composition:
Considering the composition in steels, carbon will obviously
play an important role as shown in Figure.
Increasing the carbon content increases the transition
temperature & also reduces the energy required for impact
fracture.
Grain Size:
As the grain size increases (coarser grain) the
T.T. increases and fracture stress decreases.
In fact it has been possible to improve ductility
and tougness of a steel markedly through the
techniquen which yield ultrafine grain size.
Microstructure:
The shape of the carbide precipitates in steel often
has a great effect on impact toughness (see fig
7.16).
Although similar strengths and microstructural
elements are obtained via different heat treatment
methods, the TT and impact or fracture toughnesses
can be quite different.
Orientation:
The orientation of the test bar in a formed
product also influences both the impact
energy and the value of TT, as well as the
tensile ductility.
Large differences can be expected for different
specimens orientations at relatively high
energy levels.
EMBRITTLEMENT OF METALS
Metals can easily be made brittle
unintentionally due to different reasons.
Followings are some particular cases of
unintentional embrittlement:
Hydrojen Embrittlement
Temper Embrittlement
Blue Brittleness
Hydrogen Embrittlement :
Hydrogen can produce severe embrittlement in many
metals.
Very small amounts of hydrogen (for example 0.0001
percent by weight ) can cause cracking in steel.
Titanium also exhibits hydrogen embrittlement , and is
also very susceptible this behaviour.
This can happen even when the total hydrogen content
is less than 200 parts per million by weight.
Hydrogen may be introduced during melting and
entrapped during solidification, or it may be picked
up during heat-treatment, electroplating, acid
pickling, or welding.(gas welding, electrode cover
material etc to remove hydrogen)
Temper Embrittlement:
Tempering some steels in general range of 450C to
590C results in temper embrittlement, which
shows itself as an increase in impact transition
temperature.
The exact cause of temper brittleness is not known.
It is believed to be due to segregation of (or alloying
some) elements such as phosphorus, arsenic, tin,
antimony and silicon to grain boundaries, giving
Iocal hardening to fracture
Molybdenum is useful in retarding this form of
embrittlement