Professional Documents
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Combustion in Boiler
Heat
Fuel
Air
Combustion
Exhaust
Coal furnaces
The stoker furnace is of limited capacity and does not lend itself to
power plants but rather it is used in industrial processes. Coal is
introduced on a grate, and it is finally burned on a stationary bed. The
primary air enters below the burning bed and initiates the combustion
process, and also cools the grate. Secondary air is introduced over the
burning bed to complete the combustion process.
Fluidized-bed boiler
For a fluidized-bed boiler, the velocity of combustion gas (air) entering the
bottom of the furnace is maintained such that the coal and limestone or
dolomite particles are suspended (resembling a boiling liquid). The boiler
tubes are immersed in the fluidized bed.
Fluidized-bed combustion systems are categorized as pressurized vs.
atmospheric bed systems, and circulating vs. stationary bed systems.
Advantages :Higher rates of heat transfer between combustion process and
boiler tubes (thus reduced furnace area and size required), and combustion
temperature (1500-1600F) is lower than in a conventional furnace. The
lower furnace temperatures means reduced NOx production. In addition, the
limestone (CaCO3) and dolomite (MgCO3) react with SO2 to form calcium
and magnesium sulfides, respectively, solids which do not escape up the
stack; however, it does require about 50% more limestone/dolomite as
compared to a wet-scrubber system. This means the plant can easily use high
sulfur coal. Disadvantages: 1) erosion of tubes by the particles rubbing the
tubes, 2) requires more fan power to suspend the particles, and 3) system
appears better suited for low-power applications.
Generation
efficiency
80%
Distribution
efficiency= 83%
(including condensate return)
Utilisation
efficiency
47%
RADIATION LOSS
eg.,
- inadequate insulation
BOILER
HEAT
LOSS
BLOWDOWN LOSS
eg.,
- Non-optimal
water treatment
LOADING LOSS
eg.,
- excess boiler capacity
- variable demand
Controls
Load Management
Maintenance / Adjustments
Capital and
Process
Constraints
Efficiency %
20
40
60
Load %
80
100
120
Fuel
0
10
20
40
100
10.7
9.8
8.3
5.7
13.8
12.5
10.7
7.4
14.1
12.9
11.0
7.6
Anthracite
coal
18.0
16.5
14.1
10.0
19.8
0.5
1
Soot deposits (mm)
1.5
% fuel savings
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
20
40
60
O
80
100
% fuel savings
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
100
200
300
400
500
O
600
Cleanliness of Boilers
FUEL = OIL
Clean Boiler
After 6 months
without cleaning
220
300
CO2 ,%
12
12
30
30
Efficiency, %
88
84
1000
1048
48
ACTION TO CHECK:
CO2/ O2 measurement
2. Maximise completeness of
combustion
Soot / CO measurement
Thermax Boiler
Economiser
6 TPH
10.75 Kg/cm2
Coconut shell
fired
Primary Air
Fan
Dust
Collector
Secondary Air
Fan
14 %
Damper
9%
Hopper
Coconut shell
crusher
Induced Draft
Fan
Case Study:
Existing: High radiation loss from Moulds
Radiation
from moulds
Insulated Mould