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Faults
Faults are fractures in rocks along which
Components of faults
Types of Faults
Dip Slip Faults.
Normal Faults.
Reverse Faults.
Horst and Grabben.
Strike Slip Faults.
Oblique Slip Faults.
Dip
Slip Faults
Reverse Faults-Hanging wall
moves up relative to footwall.
Reverse faults have dips
greater than 450 and thrust
faults have dips less then 45 0
If the angle of the fault plane
is low (generally less than 200
degrees from the horizontal)
and the displacement of the
overlying block is large (often
in the kilometer range) the
fault is called anoverthrust
Accommodate shortening of
the crust
Fig-Simple scarps related to single increments of slip on a newly propagated fault. Modified from
Hancock 1988
Types of Normal-Faults
Piedmont Scarp-Product of single
Scarps
increment of motion.
Morphology-(After Wallace,1977)
*Steep Free face (>500)
*Moderately incline debris slope (300400)
*Gently incline wash slope (50-100)
Multiple Scarp-Related to
formation of fault splay during a
single faulting event.
Producing multiple scarps.
Composite Scarp-Related to
Renewed slip on a fault coincident
with an older, degraded scarp.
*Repeated displacements along the
same fault.
Splintered Scarp(Cotton
1949)-Formed as a result of fault
displacement being distributed
across overlapping en echelon
segments
Thrust-Front Scarps
*When escarpment rise above
a sharp break in slope
coincident with the emergent
of a thrust-flat trace, the
escarpment is not a true fault
scarp but rather a margin of a
thrust sheet.
*The leading edge of the trust
sheet has collapsed and been
overridden.
*It is known as trust-front
scarps in order to distinguish
it from thrust-fault scarps.
(Ian S Stewart and Paul L
Hancock, 1990)
Strike-Slip Scarps
Faults associated with
strike-slip faults are mainly
the result of the
juxtapositon of formerly
separate areas of different
height
Conclusions
Fault scarps includes diverse range of tectonic
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