Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Todays AGENDA
Introduction Resource person & Audience
Basic Chemical plant Terminologies / Concepts
Steam Steam Turbines Air Compressors
Heat Exchangers Trouble shootings
Pumps Start-up and Operational hazards
Filtration systems Improvements
Absorption & Adsoprtion
Instrumentation & Control - Accidents
Suggested Readings
Basic Concepts
Difference between Heat and
Temperature
Heat:
Heat can never be contained in a body or
possessed by a body.
Heat is energy in transit.
Thermal equilibrium
Units
Heat Transfer & Thermodynamics
(ref. Applied Thermodynamics by A. McCONKEY)
Ejector
STEAM
Sensible and latent Heat
Saturated and Superheated Steam Examples
Pressurization of steam circuit
Hammering
Steam traps
(ref. Design of Fluid Systems by Spirax Sarco)
Steam Turbine
SURGING
LEGENDS
NORMAL FLOW
REVRSE FLOW
In Direct Contact
Shell and tube heat exchangers
Recuperators
Regenerators
Construction of Heat
Exchangers
Components of HEX
Triangular Pitch
Plugging of tubes
Expansion Bellows
Operational Plant
Terminologies
Battery Limit
Raw Material
Final Product with Quality
Plant Load
Consumption factors
Inventories / Stock Level
Reaction Chemistry
Line tracing PFD & P&ID
Centrifugal Pumps
How it works?
Operational Problems
Cavitation
Mechanical Seal Damage
Vibrations
Suction strainer chocking
Discharge NRV stuck
Low level of suction reservoir
High bearing temperature
Major components
Bearing Housing
Filtration System
Importance
Types Dust Louvers, Candles, Dri
packs,
Trouble shootings
Pressure drop across filters if more
P?
Improvements
(Ref. American Air Filters, AAF)
Absorption Tower
Control Room
Rack Room
RECORDER
TRANSMITTER
INPUT
BARRIER
4-20 mA
CONTROLLER
Control Output
4-20 mA
CONTROL VALVE
OUTPUT
BARRIER
Set Point
Objectives of Control
System
Ensuring the STABILITY of chemical
process
OPTIMIZE the PERFORMANCE of
chemical process
SUPPRESS
the
influence
EXTERNAL DISTURBANCE
of
LOOP
DESCRIPTION
MODE OF
OPERATION
PROCESS
VARIABLE
Manual
Auto
Cascade
Purpose
The
alarm
and
interlocking
system is designed to protect the
plant and personnel from damage
due to dangerous operating
conditions. When such conditions
arise, the plant is shut down and ,
at the same time, the necessary
safety devices go into operation.
Plant Safety
PSVs
Safety Trips
Housekeeping
MSDS
Fire fighting Equipment
Safety Equipments
(ref. MSA, Chemical Safety Board (CSB)
CRITICAL
STRESSES
SPEED
VIBRATION
47
STRESSES
Shaft is subjected to the action of
forces called STRESSES.
3 types of stresses:
Torsional stress: twisting
Bending stress
Axial stress
48
CRITICAL SPEED
Vibration
The cyclic or pulsating
motion of a machine or
machine component from
its point of rest.
Vibration always transmits
as SINE wave. Sine wave
can be measured.
50
Accidents
Suggested Readings
A working guide to process equipment by
Lieberman
Fertilizer Manual by UN Industrial Development
Organization
STOP (Safety training observation program)
Series
Troubleshooting
process
operations
by
Lieberman
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