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Mountain Building
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Mantle:
Plastic,
Convecting
Tectonics and
Structural Geology
Tectonic Stresses
resulting from
Internal Energy
(heat driving convection)
Strains (deforms) the Mantle
and Crust
Bends
Rocks, i.e.,
ductile strain (Folds)
Breaks Rock, i.e.,
brittle strain (Joints) and
Moves large blocks along
Faults and
Releases energy
Earthquakes
Eastern Pennsylvania
Northwestern
Africa
Stresses
at Plate
Boundaries
Divergent
(Tensional)
|
Convergent
(Compressional)
|
Transform
(Shear)
e.g., Pacific NW
Geologic
Structures
Folds (compressive
stresses may cause ductile
strain)
Faults (Any type of stress
may cause brittle strain.
The type of fault depends
on the type of stress)
Youngest (top)
P: Permian
P: Pennsylvanian
M: Mississippian
D: Devonian
S: Silurian
O: Ordovician
C: Cambrian
Oldest (bottom)
D
S
O
M 2o
Shale
2o
Limestone
Anticline (fold)
Anticline (fold)
Syncline (fold)
Plunging
Anticline
Fold Terminology
Axis
Axis
Axial Plane
Plunging
Age of rocks
and
outcrops
Axis
Eastern Pennsylvania
Bedrock
Geology of the
Michigan Basin
Sheet Joints
Direction of Dip of
the fault plane
indicates the
Hanging wall block
Fig. 10-11a, p. 227
Fault:
Faults
Fault: When
movement
occurs along
a discontinuity
Fault type
depends on
the type of
stress
Normal Faults
Graben
Horst
Graben
Nevada
Washboard
topography is the result
of Horsts and Grabens
A.k.a, Basin and Range
E.g., Humbolt Range
E.g., Death Valley
(Graben)
Horst
Graben
Horst
Graben
Compressive stress
causes the hanging
wall to move upward
relative to the foot wall
Reverse Fault
At convergent plate
boundaries ancient
rocks can be thrust
over younger rocks
Thrust Fault
Structures at a Passive
Continental Margin
Rising of less
dense salt
Stretches overlying
crust
Forming normal
faults and
Oil traps
Thrust Fault:
Old
Younger
Physiographic Features