Gas Turbine

Technology
Ashish Kumar
MDS12M002

CONTENT:
Introduction
Basic structure and
parts
Working
mechanism
Types
Application
Role in Power sector
Performance
variables
Reference

INTRODUCTION
Type ofinternal combustion engine
Uses air as the working fluid

Basic Structure

Compressor
17 stages
Axial Type

Combustor
10 cans
Reverse Flow
Type

Turbine
3 stages
Impulse Type

Working Cycle
Brayton cycle is the ideal cycle for gas-turbine

3
Q
H

P=
Const.
2

4
QL

1-2
isentropic compression (in
compressor)

2-3
const. pressure heat-addition (in
combustion chamber)

3-4
isentropic expansion (in turbine)

4-1
const. pressure heat rejection
(exhaust)

Fan low pressure

compressor

8 stage
intermediate
pressure
compressor

Combustion
chamber
6 stage high
pressure
compressor

Inlet system

Compressor
Compressor used in gas turbine is Axial
Flow type
Axial-flow compressorsare dynamic
rotating compressors that use arrays of fan-like
airfoilsto progressively compress the working
fluid

Axial
Compressor
Modern Compressor
Designs are
Extremely Efficient
gas turbine
performance rating
depends greatly on
the compressor
efficiency
High Performance
Made Possible by
Advanced
Aerodynamics,
Coatings, and Small
Blade Tip Clearances
Even Small Amounts
of Deposits on
Compressor Blades
May Cause Large
Performance Losses

Inlet Guide Vane

Stator Vanes (fixed to case)

Rotor Blades(rotating)

Combustor

Air Flow in Combustor

Combustion air, with the help of swirler vanes, flows in around the
fuel nozzle and mixes with the fuel. This air is called primary air and
represents approximately 25 percent of total air ingested by the
engine. The fuel-air mixture by weight is roughly 15 parts of air to 1
part of fuel. The remaining 75 percent of the air is used to form an air
blanket around the burning gases and to lower the temperature.

The Turbine
Two Basic Types - Radial and Axial
Almost all industrial Gas Turbines use axial flow
turbines

Like the Compressor, Turbine Expansion

Takes Place in Stages
a row of stationary blades (nozzles)
followed by a row of moving blades
= one stage.

1
3

Axial
Turbine
Two Stage Axial Turbine
rotation
Rotor Blade
Nozzle
rotation
Rotor Blade
Nozzle

First Stage Turbine Nozzle Sees the Hottest Temperatures

Referred to as TIT (Turbine Inlet Temperature) or TRIT (Turbine Rotor

Inlet Temperature)
Modern engines run TRIT as high as 1500C (some even higher)

Turbine module
The axial flow turbine consists of
stages, each made up primarily of a
set of stationary vanes followed by a
row of rotating blades,
Typically modern aircraft gas turbine
blades have both impulse and reaction
sections.

Exhaust System
Must perform four function
Reduce noise to the atmosphere
Hot gases away from personnel
Minimize backpressure to gas
turbines
Mechanically well during
extreme temperature changes.

Types
Shaft power gas turbines: is a
gas turbine whose goal is mainly to
deliver shaft power
Jet engine gas turbines: is a
turbine whose goal is mainly to
deliver thrust

Application

Application

Plant Application
Cogeneration Power Plant
Combined Cycle Power Plant

Cogeneration Power Plant

Fuel
Steam

Air

Generator

HRSG
H-25 Gas
Turbine

H-25
Power Output
40,500 kW
Overall Efficiency
More than 80 %

Water

H-25 Cogeneration Steam Production

Typical Steam Production Quantity for H-25 Co-generation
System (H-25 Uprate)
Co-generation system with HRSG provides 55-70 ton/hr steam
UNFIRED Steam Production

FIRED Steam Production

HRSG Inlet Temp. 700C

HRSG Inlet Temp. 562C

UNFIRED Steam
Production

85

250C

300C
250C
100

350C

450C

45

Doc No. : GKKP-13-009 Rev.0

4
6
Steam Pressure
(MPa.a)

450C

80

500C

400C

90

400C

55

350C

Steam Flow
(t/h)

Steam Flow
(t/h)

300C

65

Saturated

110

Saturated

75

FIRED Steam
Production

120

500C

70
2

4
Steam Pressure
(MPa.a)

Hitachi, Ltd. 2013. All rights reserved.

23

H-25 Combined Cycle (2-2-1)

Typical Performance (2xH-25 + 2xHRSG + 1 Steam Turbine)
Fuel
Air
Steam Turbine

System
Configuration

Air
Condenser

H-25 Gas Turbine

& Generator

Performance
(Typical)

HRSG

Total Plant Output

Gas Turbine Output
Steam Turbine Output
Gross Efficiency

Doc No. : GKKP-13-009 Rev.0

Generator

Fuel

H-25

H-25 Uprate

87, 800 kW

115,900 kW

29,730 kW x 2

40,500 kW x 2

28,340 kW

34,900 kW

50.3 %

51.9 %
Hitachi, Ltd. 2013. All rights reserved.

24

Performance variables
Environmental factor
Material Factor
Operation Factor
Fuel
Exhaust Temp.

Environmental Variables
Ambient Temp.
Ambient pressure
Relative Humidity

Ambient Temp.
Turbine Performance is changed by
anything that affects the density and
mass flow of the air intake to the
compressor

Ref.
GE3567H

Ambient Pressure
The air density Reduces as the site
elevation increase
Result airflow and output decrease

Relative humidity

Material Factor
Turbine exhaust Temp is limited by
material condition
As we get higher efficiency when we
increase in firing temp. result in
increase in exhaust temp
Till now maximum exhaust temp limit
is 582 c

Operational factor
Efficiency at Part Load Operation
Rel. Thermal Efficiency (%)

110
100
90
80
70
60
50 50

60

70

80

90

100

Load (%)

Gas Turbine Thermal Efficiency/ref versus Load P/Pmax

(Typical, for 3 arbitrarily selected industrial engines)

Fuel

Fuel heating
Heated fuel result in higher turbine
efficiency due to the reduced fuel flow
required to raise the total gas temp to
firing temp.
The source of heat for the fuel
typically is IP feedwater
Since use of this energy in the gas
turbine fuel heating system is
thermodynamically advantageous
Combined efficiency is improved by
approximately 0.6%

Base Load, Peak Load and Stand-By Units

Engine Life depends on Firing Temperature
(and number of starts*)

Thus, a peak load unit can be fired at higher

temperatures without any design changes
Higher Firing Temperature means more
power, but shorter engine life.

* According to some manufacturers

Advantages of gas
turbine engines

Very highpower-to-weight ratio,

compared to reciprocating engines;
Moves in one direction only, with far
less vibration than a reciprocating
engine.
Fewer moving parts than reciprocating
engines.
Waste heat is dissipated almost
entirely in the exhaust. This results in
a high temperature exhaust stream
that is very usable for boiling water in

Low operating pressures.

High operation speeds.
Low lubricating oil cost and
consumption.
Can run on a wide variety of fuels.

Disadvantages of gas
turbine engines
Cost is much greater than for a similarsized reciprocating engine since the
materials must be stronger and more
heat resistant. Machining operations
are also more complex
Usually less efficient than
reciprocating engines, especially at
idle
Longer start up than reciprocating
engines
Delayed response to changes in power

Some Manufacturer
Caterpillar Power
Generation Systems
Electro-Motive Diesel Inc.
GE Gas Engines
Hyundai Heavy Industries Co. Ltd
Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Ltd.
MWM
Rolls-Royce
Hitachi Ltd.
Toshiba Ltd.

Reference
Wikipedia
GE Ref. Documents 6567, 3567
Hitachi Gas turbine Catalog