Professional Documents
Culture Documents
SAFETY
TYPES OF SAFETY
Normative safety
Normative safety is a term used to describe products or designs
that meet applicable design standards.
Substantive safety
Substantive, or objective safety means that the real-world
safety history is favorable, whether or not standards are met.
Perceived safety
Perceived, or subjective safety refers to the level of comfort of
users. For example, traffic signals are perceived as safe, yet
under some circumstances, they can increase traffic crashes at
an intersection.
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SAFETY MEASURES
Safety measures are activities and precautions taken to improve safety,
i.e. reduce risk related to human health. Common safety measures
include:
Root cause analysis
Visual examination for dangerous situations
Visual examination for flaws such as cracks, peeling, loose
connections.
Safety margins/Safety factors
Implementation of standard protocols and procedures
Training of employees, vendors, product users
Instruction manuals
Use of Personal Protective Equipments
Instructional videos
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HAHS 1999
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Types of PPE
1- Gloves protect hands
2- Gowns/aprons protect skin and/or clothing
3- Masks and respirators protect mouth/nose
----Respirators protect respiratory tract from airborne
infectious agents
Gloves
Gowns or Aprons
Purpose of use
Material
Natural or man-made
Reusable or disposable
Resistance to fluid penetration
Clean or sterile
Face Protection
Masks protect nose and mouth
Should fully cover nose and mouth and prevent
fluid penetration
Face Protection
Respiratory Protection
Gloves
Face shield or goggles
Gown
Mask or respirator
Removing a Mask
Safety
Safety in a car is the art of protecting the human
occupant, at whatever cost to the car. Designing the
car to be damaged minimally while hindering driver
safety is definitely the wrong approach.
So how do we protect the driver?
Well first we need to consider the basic
physiological weak points of the human body.
Crash avoidance
Crash avoidance systems and devices help the
driver and, increasingly, help the vehicle itself
to avoid a collision. This category includes:
The vehicle's headlamps, reflectors, and other lights
and signals
The vehicle's mirrors
The vehicle's brakes, steering, and suspension
systems
Driver assistance
Infrared night vision
Adaptive highbeam assis
t
Adaptive headlamps
Automatic high beams
Reverse backup sensors
Backup camera
Adaptive cruise control
Lane departure warning
systems
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Driver assistance
Crashworthiness
POINTS TO MINIMISE
CRASHWORTHINESS
Seatbelts limit the forward motion of an
occupant, stretch to slow down the occupant's
deceleration in a crash, and prevent occupants
being ejected from the vehicle.
Airbags inflate to cushion the impact of a vehicle
occupant with various parts of the vehicle's
interior.
POINTS TO MINIMISE
CRASHWORTHINESS
Laminated windshields remain in one piece when
impacted, preventing penetration of unbelted
occupants' heads and maintaining a minimal but
adequate transparency for control of the car
immediately following a collision.
Tempered glass side and rear windows break into
granules with minimally sharp edges, rather than
splintering into jagged fragments as ordinary glass
does.
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POINTS TO MINIMISE
CRASHWORTHINESS
Crumple zones absorb and dissipate the force of a collision,
displacing and diverting it away from the passenger
compartment and reducing the impact force on the vehicle
occupants. Vehicles will include a front, rear and maybe
side crumple zones (like Volvo SIPS) too.
Side impact protection beams.
Collapsible universally jointed steering columns, (with the
steering system mounted behind the front axle - not in the
front crumple zone), reduce the risk and severity of driver
impalement on the column in a frontal crash.
Safety always
Put off the cell phones when you are driving. Make
your driving experience safe and hazard-free.
If calls have to be made, then use speaker phones and
try to stop the car to complete the conversation. Limit
the conversation to important matters.
Playing music in the car is ok, but keep the volume at a
decent level. To make it easier, make you a CD with the
songs you want to listen in the car, but when heavy
traffic occurs, it is better to turn your CD player off.
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Seat belts
Airbags
Wind shields
Antilock braking system
Electronic Stability Program
Traction Control
Seat belts
2 point
Lap
Shoulder
3 point
4,5,6 point
7 point
Automatic point
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LAP BELT
Airbags
Wind Shields
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Introduction
Wheel lockup during braking causes skidding
which in turn cause a loss of traction and vehicle
control
This reduces the steering ability to change
direction. So the car slides out of control
With ABS system, the driver can brake hard, take
the evasive action and still be in control of the
vehicle in any road condition at any speed and
under any load.
Concept of ABS
A skidding wheel (where the tire contact patch is
sliding relative to the road) has less traction than a
non-skidding wheel
By keeping the wheels from skidding while you
slow down, anti-lock brakes benefit you in two
ways:
You'll stop faster, and you'll be able to steer while
you stop
comparison
USE OF ABS
The controller monitors the speed sensors at all times. It is looking for
decelerations in the wheel that are out of the ordinary. Right before a
wheel locks up, it will experience a rapid deceleration. If left unchecked,
the wheel would stop much more quickly than any car could. It might
take a car five seconds to stop from 60 mph (96.6 km/h) under ideal
conditions, but a wheel that locks up could stop spinning in less than a
second.
The ABS controller knows that such a rapid deceleration is impossible,
so it reduces the pressure to that brake until it sees an acceleration, then
it increases the pressure until it sees the deceleration again. It can do this
very quickly, before the tire can actually significantly change speed. The
result is that the tire slows down at the same rate as the car, with the
brakes keeping the tires very near the point at which they will start to
lock up. This gives the system maximum braking power.
When the ABS is in operation the driver will feel a pulsing in the brake
pedal; this comes from the rapid opening and closing of the valves. This
pulsing also tells the driver that the ABS has been triggered. Some ABS
systems can cycle up to 16 times per second.
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TYPES OF ABS
ELECTRONIC STABILITY
CONTROL
TRACTION CONTROL
HOW IT WORKS
The traction control functions using the ECU to process
information from sensors and route power to wheels
appropriately using values it calculates. It takes into account
the pressure placed on the accelerator and sensors on the
wheels that indicate whether they are slipping or not. If
slippage is detected, less power is routed to the wheel and
some braking pressure may be placed on it. By doing this, it
is essentially the opposite of the anti-lock braking system.
The only difference is that is deals with loss of traction
during acceleration rather than deceleration. The traction
control system runs continuously and typically goes
unnoticed due to its quick reaction speed.
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Thanks