UNIT IV

DATA COMMUNICATION

Prepared by
P SAJID AKRAM
Lecturer/ ECE
CAHCET

Introduction
Terminologies of Data communication
Data- Information that has been processed, organized
and stored.
Data communication-transmission, reception &
processing of digital information.
Network/ nodes/ stations- set of devices interconnected
by media links
Simple- two computers or a computer with a printer
Complex- one or more main frame computers with a
thousand remote terminals.

What is Data Communications?

Exchange of digital information between two digital devices
is data communication

History of Data Communication

1838: Samuel Morse & Alfred Veil Invent Morse Code
Telegraph System
1876: Alexander Graham Bell invented Telephone
1910:Howard Krum developed Start/Stop Synchronisation
1930: Development of ASCII Transmission Code
1945: Allied Governments develop the First Large
Computer
1950: IBM releases its first computer IBM 710
1960: IBM releases the First Commercial Computer IBM
360

Standard Organization for Data Communication

International Standards Organization(ISO)
International Telecommunications Union-

Telecommunication Sector(ITU-T)
American National Standard Institute(ANSI)
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers(IEEE)
Electronics Industry Association(EIA)

Data Communication Circuit

Simplified block diagram of data communication network

Data Transmission
Data Transmission means movement of the bits over a
transmission medium connecting two devices
Two types of Data Transmission are:
Parallel Transmission
Serial Transmission

Parallel Transmission
In this all the bits of a byte are transmitted simultaneously on
separate wires.
Practically, if two devices are close to each other e.g. Computer to
Printer, Communication within the Computer

High speed but complex circuit

Serial Transmission
Bits are transmitted one after the other
Usually the Least Significant Bit (LSB) is transmitted first
Suitable for Transmission over Long distance
Less speed but simple circuit

Data Communication circuit arrangements

Circuit Configuration:
Two point configuration

Multipoint configuration

Transmission Modes
Simplex
signals transmitted in one direction
eg. Television

Half duplex
both stations transmit, but only one at a time
eg. police radio

Full duplex
simultaneous transmissions
eg. telephone

Network topologies
It describes the layout or appearance of a network
A multi point topology connects 3 or more stations through

a single transmission medium

Eg:
star, bus, ring, mesh & hybrid

Bus topology-

Simple and low-cost

A single cable called a trunk (backbone,
segment)

Coaxial
cable

BNC T-Connector

Star topology-

Each computer has a cable connected to a single point

More cabling, hence higher cost
All signals transmission through the hub; if down, entire
network down

Ring topology
Every computer serves as a repeater to boost signals
Disadvantages
If one computer fails, whole network fails

Mesh topology
Each and every node of the network is interconnected

Hybrid topology
Combination of two or more topologies

Data Communication Codes

These are prescribed bit sequence used for encoding

characters and symbols

Often called as character sets, character codes, symbol
codes, character languages
Types of characters used in data communication:
1)

Data link control:

For orderly flow of data from source to destination

2)

Graphic control:
Presentation of data at the receivers

3)

Alpha/numeric characters:
Various alphabets, numbers, etc.

CHARACTER CODES
Various character codes have been used in data

communication including:
Morse, Baudot
EBCDIC, ASCII
Unicode
Bar code

Regardless of the character code, both the terminal/ host

or sender/receiver must recognize the same coding

scheme

MORSE CODE

BAUDOT CODE
One of first codes developed for machine to machine

communication
Uses 1s and 0s instead of dots and dashes
For transmitting telex messages (punch tape)
Fixed character length (5-bits)
32 different codes
increased capacity by using two codes for shifting
11111 (32)
Shift to Lower (letters)
11011 (27) Shift to Upper (digits, punctuation)
4 special codes for SP, CR, LF & blank
Total = 26 + 26 + 4 = 56 different characters

BAUDOT CODE (cont.)

Problems:
required shift code to switch between character sets
no lower case, few special characters
no error detection mechanism
characters not ordered by binary value
designed for transmitting data, not for data processing
International Baudot
Added a 6th bit for parity
Used to detect errors within a single character

BAUDOT CODE

EBCDIC
Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code
8-bit character code developed by IBM
used for data communication, processing and storage
extended earlier proprietary 6-bit BCD code
designed for backward compatibility or marketing?
still in use today on some mainframes and legacy systems.

Allows for 256 different character representations (2 8)

includes upper and lower case
lots of special characters (non-printable)
lots of blank (non-used codes)

assigned to international characters in various versions

used with/without parity (block transmissions)

EBCDIC CODE

ASCII CODE
American Standard Code for Information Interchange
7-bit code developed by the American National Standards Institute

(ANSI)
most popular data communication character code today

Allows for 128 different character representations (2 7)

includes upper and lower case
lots of special characters (non-printable)
generally used with an added parity bit
better binary ordering of characters than EBCDIC

Extended ASCII uses 8 data bits and no parity

Used for processing and storage of data
Allows for international characters
8th bit stripped of for transmission of standard character set

7-BIT ASCII CODE

SUMMARY OF CHARACTER CODES

Morse = .Baudot = 5 bit (no parity)
Int. Baudot = 6 bsit (5 data + 1 parity)
ASCII = 8 bit (7 data + 1 parity)
EBCDIC = 9 bit (8 data + 1 parity)
UNICODE = 16 bits (no parity)

Normally terminals and hosts must use the same code

However, code conversion hardware/software can be used to allow
different machines to communicate

Error control
What is error?
Types of error:
Single bit error
Burst error

Methods : 1) error detection

2) error correction

Error detection:
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.

redundancy
parity
checksum
longitudinal and horizontal redundancy check
Cyclic redundancy check(CRC)

Error Correction
1. Retransmission

resending of message when it is received incorrectly

often called as ARQ- Automatic Repeat reQuest for

retransmission

positive and negative acknowledgment

2. Forward error correction(FEC)
only technique which detects and corrects errors at the
receiver without the need for retransmission
Eg : Hamming code

Hamming code
Number of redundancy bits needed
Let data bits = m
Redundancy bits = n
Total message sent = m+r
The value of n must satisfy the following relation:

2n m+n+1

??????

Data Communication Hardware

A multipoint data communication circuit block diagram

Host

Secondary or remote

Line control unit(LCU)

@ primary:

Directs traffic to and from many circuits(which have

different characteristics)
@ secondary:

Directs traffic between one data link and other few

devices(all of similar char)
LCU with a software is called as front end processor(FEP)
Usually LCU of primary is an FEP

 LCU operates only on digital data

Most of the functions of LCU are performed by single IC

called as UART/USRT
UART- Universal asynchronous receiver/transmitter
USRT- Universal synchronous receiver/transmitter
INTELs USART 8251
Motorolas UART asynchronous communication interface

adapter(ACIA)

UART- Universal asynchronous receiver/transmitter

Asynchronous- no clocking information is transferred

between DTE and DCE

Primary functions of UART:
To perform serial to parallel and vice-versa
To perform error detection(parity bits)
To insert and detect start/stop bits

Hardware consists of 2 sections:

Transmitter
receiver

UART TRANSMITTER

Control word
To indicate no of bits, nature of parity, and the no of stop

bits

Timing diagram of UART

TBMT-Transmit Buffer Empty
TD-Transmit Data
TDS-Transmit Data Strobe
TEOC-Transmit End of Char
TSO-Transmit serial out

Receiver of UART

Timing diagram of UART Receiver

RSI-receive serial input
RDA-receive data available
RPE- receive parity error
SWE- status word enable
RDE-receive data enable
RDAR-receive data available

reset

USRT- Universal synchronous receiver/transmitter

Synchronous- clocking information is transferred between

DTE and DCE

Primary functions of UART:
To perform serial to parallel and vice-versa
To perform error detection(parity bits)
To insert and detect SYN characters(difference between USRT&

UART)

Transceiver of USRT

Interfaces

Serial Interface
Serial communication is the most

simplistic form of communication between two devices.

RS-232 is a standard by which two serial devices
communicate
The connection must be no longer than 50 feet.
Transmission voltages are 15V and +15V.
It is designed around transmission of characters (of 7 bits of

length).
Defines a 25 wire cable with a DB 25S/9S connector.
Data rate of up-to 20kbps for a distance of 50ft
driver, terminator, noise margin

RS 232 Pin functions- data pins

Control pins

Timing pins

Miscellaneous

Parallel interface
Transfers data between two devices eight or more bits at

a time.
Also referred to as serial by word transmission
advantage: faster transmission
Disadvantage: higher cost for transmission
Eg: Centronics parallel interface, IEEE 488 bus

Interface btw computer & printer

An interface that accepted data in same format used internally by

most computers (8 bit parallel using TTL logic)

Comes with a 36 pin Amphenol connector (Champ connector)
Pins are classified as data, control and status
Data lines: Pins 2 to 9 are eight bit parallel data bus.
Control lines: 4 control signals are used
STB: active low, edge triggered, o/p from computer & tells printer to
accept data from data lines
AF: autofeed, active low,tells printer whether to perform line feed
after it receives a carriage return character from computer
PRIME: also called initialize, active low, o/p from computer, clears
the printers memory, usually used to abort printing action suddenly
SLCTIN: select line, not mostly used, usually it is grounded

Status line: unidirectional, and transmission from printer

to computer
ACK: acknowledge, active low, response to STB line
Busy: active high, and goes high anytime printer is busy

When printer is busy?

1. when printer is accepting data from computer
2. when printer is printing
3. when printer is switched off or offline
4. when printers ERROR line is low
.PO: paper out, active high
.SLCT: select, active high, indicates whether printer is selected or
not.

Data Modems
Need for modem
To interface computers, computer networks, and other digital
terminal equipment with analog communication lines and radio
channel

What is modem
modulator and demodulator
Modem @ transmitter:
Digital signals modulate an analog carrier
Modem @ receiver:
Analog signals are demodulated and converted to digital signals

Also called as DCE, data set, dataphone.

Types of modems
Broad classification can be made as:
Synchronous modems:
Clocking information is recovered at the receiver
Use PSK or QAM modulation technique
Used for mostly medium and high speed applications(up to

57.6kbps)

Asynchronous modems:
No clocking information is sent
Mostly use ASK/ FSK
Restricted to use for low speed applications(< 2.4 kbps)

Asynchronous modems
Example of asynchronous modems are

Bell Systems 202 T/S modems, uses FSK

202 T- full duplex, four wire operation
202 S- half duplex, two wire operation

202T modems use 1700Hz carrier

Another modem standard is Bell Systems 103 modems, has

full duplex over a two wire line at a rate of 300bps

Has 2 data channels,(low band/ high band) with each mark &
space frequency
Low band channel- originate channel
High band channel-answer channel

Circuit which originates the call has to transmit on low band

and the receiver has to respond on the high band channel

Synchronous modems
Used for medium and high speed modems
For medium speed:
QPSK for 2.4Kbps(eg: Bell Systems 201C)
8-PSK for 4.8 Kbps(eg: Bell Systems208A)
Both are full duplex, 4 wire systems
For high speed:
16-QAM for a 9.6Kbps(eg: Bell Systems 209A)
Full duplex, four wire transmission

Sometimes asynchronous data format is used in a

synchronous modem, this is referred to as isochronous

transmission

Additional requirements for synchronous modems

Since the medium and high speed modems are
synchronous, these modems contain the following
additional hardware:
clock recovery
scramblers and descrambler circuit
equalizers

Modem control
Initial modems- dumb modems
Basic function include only modulation and demodulation
Intelligent modems- smart modems
Consists of mostly microprocessor which performs routine function

Smart modems are controlled by a set of system

commands.
Most widely used are AT command set or Hayes
command set
Has two modes of operation:
AT command mode
AT on-line mode

AT command mode
When a modem is not communicating with any other

modem, then it is command mode

All commands begin with ASCII character AT(attention)
AT online mode:
Once communication begins, modem is said to be in

online mode
In this, modem accepts information and allows them to
modulate its carrier before transmission
To switch from online to command mode, DTE transmits
consecutive three plus sign(+++). This sequence is called
as escape code.

Any doubts????????????