4 Types of Research

Introduction to Various Research Designs

4 Types of Research
Basic research
Applied research
Action research
Evaluation research

Basic
research

Menekankan penemuan pengetahuan

semata-mata untuk pengetahuan.
Lebih menumpukan kajian teori-teori yang
wujud dalam bidang pendidikan secara lebih
mendalam.
Memperoleh data empirikal yang boleh
digunakan untuk mengembangkan dan
menilai teori.
Kurang berorientasikan cara-cara ke arah
penyelesaian masalah praktis.

Applied research
Bertujuan untuk menyelesaikan

masalah praktis yang dihadapi atau

untuk menguji sesuatu teori untuk
menilai kegunaannya dalam arena
pendidikan.
Dapat memberikan data sama ada
menyokong sesuatu teori, mengubah
suai, atau mengembangkan sesuatu
teori baru.

Action research
Berkaitan dengan penyelesaian masalah

tertentu dalam keadaan setempat (local

situation) dan dijalankan oleh seseorang
(guru) yang akan menggunakan dapatan
penyelidikan.
Situational (masalah yang membawa
kepada sesuatu keadaan ); participatory
(penglibatan)
Menyelesaikan masalah dalam bilik darjah

Evaluation research
Researcher attempts to make

judgements about merit, value,

or worth of educational
programs, projects, materials and
techniques

Research Designs
QUANTITATIVE
Experimental

QUALITATIVE
Ethnography

study
Case study
QuasiHistorical study
experimental
study
Survey study
Correlational study

Experimental Design
Test whether an educational practice or

idea makes a difference for individuals

Assess the impact by giving one group one
set of activities (intervention) and
withholding the set from another group
Intervention study
Group comparison study

Quasi-experimental
Design
There are variables that we cannot control
subjects exposure to, such as their age, race,
background, experience or personal
characteristics (quasi-independent variables)
Cannot randomly assign subjects to be exposed
to a particular condition
Instead, subjects are assigned to a condition
because they already qualify for that condition
based upon some inherent characteristics use
intact groups or non-randomised sample (natural
setting)

Quasi-experiment:
Example
It is hypothesized that 18-year-old females
like males of a certain characteristic more
than 22-year-old females
We cannot select females for the study
and make some of them 18 and others 22
We create the conditions of 18- and 22year-olds by randomly selecting one
sample of 18-year-old females and another
sample of 22-year-old females

Correlational Study
Focus more on examining the association or

relation of one or more variables within a

single group of individuals
Researcher measures the degree of
association or relation between two or more
variables using the statistical procedure of
correlational analysis
Degree of association indicates whether the
two variables are related or whether one can
predict another

Survey Designs
Describe trends in a large population

of individuals
Administer a survey or questionnaire
to a small group of people (sample)
to identify trends in attitudes,
opinions, behaviors or characteristics
of a larger group of people
(population)

Ethnographic Design
Examining a group of individuals in the

setting where they live and work, and in

developing a portrait of how they interact
Describing, analyzing and interpreting a
groups shared patterns of behavior, beliefs
and language that develop over time
Provides a detailed picture of the group,
drawing on various sources of information
Describes the group within its settings,
explores themes or issues that develop
over time as the group interacts

Case Study
Explores in depth a program, event,

activity, process, or one or more

individuals
Bounded (separated out for research) by
time, place and activity
Researcher collects detailed information
using a variety of data collection
procedures over a sustained period of
time (Stake, 1995; Creswell, 2007)

Historical Study
Focuses primarily on the past
Perusing documents of the period
Examining relics
Interviewing individuals who lived during

that time
Reconstruct what happened during that time
as completely as possible
Systematic collection and evaluation of data
to describe, explain, and thereby understand
actions or events that occurred in the past
No manipulation or control of variables

Tutorial 2
Compare the purpose of the various research

designs discussed
Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of
the various research designs discussed
ISL
Explore other types of educational research
designs other than those discussed (Causalcomparative, narrative research, grounded
theory design, phenomenology, mixed
methods, etc.)