STUDYING EARTH

SCIENCE
KIMBERLY ROSE J. MALLARI

HOW WE LEARN
Direct observations when one uses his sense of touch, sight, hearing,
smell or taste.
Indirect observations using instruments to detect, magnify and
record information that our senses cannot pick up.
Data collection of observations.
Classifying is the grouping of similar events or objects based upon
observed properties or characteristics.
Inference an interpretation of observations.
Hypothesis an educated guess.

EARTH SCIENCE: ITS

INTERRELATIONSHIPS
Earth Science is concerned with the entire earth the solid
lithosphere, the liquid hydrosphere and the gaseous atmosphere.
Earth Science involves geology, meteorology, oceanography, hydrology,
and astronomy.
Geology science that deals with the earth.
Meteorology deals with the earths atmosphere.
Oceanography concerned with the earths oceans and their
boundaries.
Hydrology concerned with the earths waters those found on surface
or in the atmosphere as well as water found underground.
Astronomy deals with stars and planets.

EARTH SCIENCE THINKERS: A

FLASHBACK
Early Aztecs and Mayans: believed that the earth had a shape of a cross.
Ancient Hindus: believed that the earth was shaped like a flat coin.
200 BC: Aristarchus reasoned that the earth was round as a ball.
1819, September: Ferdinand Magellan organized a first expedition sail
around the globe. His 3-year journey proved he was right. One of his ships
arrived back from the east.

EARTH SCIENCE THINKERS: A

FLASHBACK
Circumference the distance around
a circle.
The earths shape is oblate spheroid.
There is a slight flattening at the
poles or a slight bulging at the
equator.
Aristarchus suggested that the 24hour movement of the sun, stars and
the moon can be explained if the
earth were turning called rotation.
Heliocentric sun-centered universe.
Aristarchus theory.
Heliocentric model

EARTH SCIENCE THINKERS: A

FLASHBACK
Aristotle had a theory that the it
was an earth-centered universe.
Claudius Ptolemy presented the
sun-centered theory in its finest
form in the 13 volume Almagest,
hence the term Ptolemaic System.
Nicolaus Copernicus convinced
that the earth was a planet just
like the other five then known.

Geocentric model

EARTH SCIENCE THINKERS: A

FLASHBACK
Tycho Brahe did not believe in
the Copernican system but the
data he collected to refute it was
later used to support it.
Johannes Kepler assistant of
Brahe. He derived the three basic
laws of planetary motion.

Three Basic Laws of Planetary Motion:

1. The path of each planer around

the sun is an ellipse with the sun
at one focus.
2. Each planet revolves so that a
line connecting it to the sun
sweeps over equal areas in
equal intervals of time.
3. Orbital periods of the planets
and their distances to the sun
are proportional.

EARTH SCIENCE THINKERS: A

FLASHBACK
Galileo Galilei constructed telescopes that was able to view the universe
in a completely new way.
Isaac Newton derived the three laws of motion and his universal
gravitation law which states that every body in the universe attracts
every body with a force that is proportional to their masses and inversely
proportional to the square distance between them

THE GLOBE AND THE MAP

We can represent the earth with a
physical model we call a globe.
The east-west lines or rings are
called parallels. The north-south
lines are called meridians.
Latitude is the distance any point
is north or south of the equator.
Longitude is the distance any
point is east or west of the prime
meridian.

Globe

 Maps are representations on a flat

surface, of all part of the earths face
accurately. It contains scale of distances.
Map projections is an attempt to
represent the earths curved surface on a
flat surface.
Scale of distances is a ration that shows
how a distance on the map compares to
the actual distance on the earths
surface.
Graphic scale of distances consists of a
line that is divided into equal parts. Each
part od the line is marked in some types
of units

Map

SOME TOOLS IN EARTH SCIENCE

Refracting and Reflecting
Telescopes
Refracting Telescope a series of
lenses that are used to focus and
magnify light.
The worlds largest refracting
telescope is the 40-inch telescope
at Yerkes Obesrvatory in
Wisconsin. This telescope has a
light-gathering power about
40,000 times as great as that of a
human eye.

Reflecting Telescope a series of mirrors that are used to gather light.

One of the worlds largest telescopes is the 200-inch Hale telescope at

Mount Palomar in California.

SOME TOOLS IN EARTH SCIENCE

Space Telescopes Like the
Hubble Space Telescope, it gives
astronomers a much clearer view
of the universe.
X-Ray Telescopes used to detect
X-rays coming from distant stars
and groups of stars like the
Uhuru ,that gave astronomers a
clear view of X-ray sources in the
sky.

Radio Telescopes used to see radiowaves given off by stars, groups of

stars, and clouds of dust and gas.