DESIGN & SIMULATION OF

RF CAVITY FOR A KLYSTRON

A brief outline

by
Deepender Kant
Roll No. 09305EN008
M.Tech. II sem. I Year
Electronics Enginnering Department,
IT-BHU, Varanasi
Introduction to Single beam Klystron
 Klystrons are microwave amplifiers based on vacuum electronic
technology. The amplifying medium is a beam of electrons, which is
constrained by a magnetic field.
 Resonant cavity plays an important role in deciding the RF
performance of the Klystron, such as its gain, band width,
efficiency etc.
The above parameters are decided by resonant frequency,
quality factors and shunt resistance of cavity.
This in turn depends on the geometry of the cavity. Hence
proper cavity design is important in the design of the
klystron

Here r0= drift tube radius,

r1 r1= cavity radius,
d h = height of cavity,
r0
d = gap distance

Half section of
cavity
DESIGN APPROACH
1.The main parameters involved in the design of
cavity are height, drift tube radius (a), gap
length, shunt impedance (R/Q), quality factors
(Q0, QL and QE) and resonant frequency.
2. For good interaction of electron beam with RF
field in the cavity, it is necessary that the gap
diameter and gap spacing should be small as
compared to the distance, an electron travels per
cycle.
3. After fixing the above dimension one can fix
height and diameter to get desired resonant
frequency, Qs, R/Q, tunability and coupling to
external circuit.
4. The approximate dimensions obtained act as the
input for the software
 Design Approach

 First, a simple pill box type cavity can

be designed and simulated for TM
010 mode.
 Different cavity parameters such as-
drift tube radius, gap length etc can
be calculated from standard
formulae.
 Simulation of cavity considering all
the cavity parameters.
SIMULATION SOFTWARE’S
USED
MAGIC

MAGIC is an electromagnetic particle-in-cell code, i.e., a finite‑difference,

time‑domain code for simulating plasma physics processes, i.e., those
processes that involve interactions between space charge and
electromagnetic fields. Beginning from a specified initial state, the code
simulates a physical process as it evolves in time.
The full set of Maxwell’s time-dependent equations is solved to obtain
electromagnetic fields. Similarly, the complete Lorentz force equation
is solved to obtain relativistic particle trajectories, and the continuity
equation is solved to provide current and charge densities for
Maxwell’s equations. This approach, commonly referred to as
electromagnetic particle‑in‑cell (PIC), provides self‑consistence, i.e.,
interaction between charged particles and electromagnetic fields. In
addition, the code has been provided with powerful algorithms to
represent structural geometries, material properties, incoming and
outgoing waves, particle emission processes, and so forth. As a result,
the code is applicable to broad classes of plasma physics problems
CST MICROWAVE STUDIO
Computer Simulation Technology Microwave Studio is
fully featured software for electromagnetic analysis and
design in the high frequency range. It is based on Finite-
Integration method.

SOLUTION TYPES
# Transient Solver
# Eigenmode Solver
# Frequency Domain Solver
 Simulation Of Cavity Using MAGIC-2D/3D (PIC)

Simulation of resonant
frequency of the cavity 3D View of the Cavity
COLD TEST RESULTS
 Cold Test Simulation Using MAGIC

‘Q’ of the
cavity Cavity frequency Vs. time
R/Q Of cavity Gap Voltage
Using CST Microwave studio
Conclusion
A reentrant cavity resonant at any given
frequency with its certain parameters can be
simulated with different design tools. Results of
different design tools should be in close
agreement with each other for a good design.
Tube Specifications:
Parameters Specifications
Frequency (MHz) 2856.0
Saturated peak power (MW) 6.0
Average power (kw) 24
Gain (dB) 45
Band width (MHz) ±4
Efficiency (%) 45
Beam voltage (KV) 130-140
Beam current (A) 94-104.7
Magnetic field ( Gauss) 1100
Fabricated Cavity
Cold Test Measurement With Fabricated Cavity
 Empirical Formulas for Cavity Design
1. D.C. velocity of electron (Uo) = 0.593x106 √ (Vo) m/s

2. Angular frequency ( ) = 2πf

ω
3. Electron wave number (β e) =
ω
4. Cut off Wave number =
'
Uo
4. Drift tube radius (a): k 2π f
c
The drift tube radius (a) finding from the relations
re = β e − k '
a re =1 rad 2 2

a=

1
5. Beam radius (b) The beam radius is determined by taking the
filling factor 70% that is b=0.7xa
re
 Continue…
6. Normalize beam radius (d')=
re × b
7. Plasma frequency
ω ρ
e
p =

Charge density (ρ)=I/(π.b2.U0 )

εm0

taking e/m = 1.758 x 1011 c/kg and ε0 = 8.854 x10-12 farad/m

8. Reduced plasma frequency

R = plasma reduction factor

ω = R ×ωp
9. Reduced plasma wavelength (λq) = 2.π.Uo/ωq
q
10. Typical length of one Drift tube = λq/4
11. Cavity radius (a):
f = c/2π√[(Xnp)/a]2
12. Gap length
β e * d = 0.9
Where β e is beam coupling coefficient

24th July,2008