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INVERTERS
Single-Phase Inverters
Half-Bridge Inverter
One of the simplest types of inverter. Produces a square wave output.
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Single-Phase Inverters
(contd)
Full Bridge (H-bridge) Inverter
Two half-bridge inverters combined.
Allows for four quadrant operation.
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Single-Phase Inverters
(contd)
Quadrant 1: Positive step-down converter
(forward motoring)
Q1-On; Q2 - Chopping; D3,Q1 freewheeling
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Single-Phase Inverters
(contd)
Quadrant 2: Positive step-up converter
(forward regeneration)
Q4 - Chopping; D2,D1 freewheeling
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Single-Phase Inverters
(contd)
Quadrant 3: Negative step-down converter
(reverse motoring)
Q3-On; Q4 - Chopping; D1,Q3 freewheeling
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Single-Phase Inverters
(contd)
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Single-Phase Inverters
(contd)
Phase-Shift Voltage Control - the output of
the H-bridge inverter can be controlled by
phase shifting the control of the
component half-bridges. See waveforms
on next slide.
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Single-Phase Inverters
(contd)
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Single-Phase Inverters
(contd)
The waveform of the output voltage v ab is a quasi-square
wave of pulse width . The Fourier series of vab is given
by:
4Vd
vab
n 1,3,5... n
n
sin 2 cos n t
4Vd
sin / 2
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Single-Phase Inverters
(contd)
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Three-Phase Bridge
Inverters
Three-phase bridge inverters are widely
used for ac motor drives. Two modes of
operation - square wave and six-step. The
topology is basically three half-bridge
inverters, each phase-shifted by 2/3,
driving each of the phase windings.
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2Vd
vb 0
2Vd
vc 0
(1) n 1 cos(nt )
n 1,3,5...
(1)
n 1
n 1,3,5...
n 1,3,5...
(1)
2
cos( nt )
3
n 1
2
cos( nt )
3
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2 3Vd
vbc vb 0 vc 0
2 3Vd
vca vc 0 va 0
cos( t / 6) cos(nt 6)
cos( t / 2) cos(nt 2)
cos( t 5 / 6) cos( nt 5 6)
n 1,3,5...
n 1,3,5...
n 1,3,5...
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v A0 mvad m(va 0 vd 0 )
vB 0 mvbe m(vb 0 ve 0 )
where m is the transformer turns ratio
vC 0 mvcf m(vc 0 v f 0 )
(= Ns/Np). Note that each of these waves is a function of
angle.
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v AB v A0 vB 0
vBC vB 0 vC 0
vCA vC 0 v A0
While the component voltage waves va0, vd0, vA0 etc. all
contain triplen harmonics, they are eliminated from the line
voltages because they are co-phasal. Thus the line
voltages are six-step waveforms with order of harmonics =
6n1 at a phase angle .
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4mVd
n 1,3,5... n
vB 0
4mVd
n 1,3,5... n
n
sin 2 cos n t
n
sin 2 cos n t 2 / 3
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v AB v A0 vB 0
4mVd
n 1,5,7,11... n
n
sin 2
cos n t cos n t
PWM Technique
While the 3 6-step inverter offers simple
control and low switching loss, lower order
harmonics are relatively high leading to high
distortion of the current wave (unless
significant filtering is performed).
PWM inverter offers better harmonic control
of the output than 6-step inverter.
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PWM Principle
The dc input to the inverter is chopped by
switching devices in the inverter. The
amplitude and harmonic content of the ac
waveform is controlled by the duty cycle of
the switches. The fundamental voltage v1
has max. amplitude = 4Vd/ for a square
wave output but by creating notches, the
amplitude of v1 is reduced (see next slide).
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PWM Techniques
Various PWM techniques, include:
Sinusoidal PWM
The most common PWM approach is
sinusoidal PWM. In this method a
triangular wave is compared to a
sinusoidal wave of the desired
frequency and the relative levels of the
two waves is used to control the
switching of devices in each phase leg
of the inverter.
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Sinusoidal PWM
(contd)
Single-Phase (Half-Bridge) Inverter
Implementation
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Sinusoidal PWM
(contd)
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Peak amplitude
of control signal
Peak amplitude
of triangle wave
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Alternate scheme
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p
V
2p
m1
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4V
n
B
sin
n
4
n 1,3,5,..
2p
m1
sin n 3 sin n
4
4
m
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Harmonic Profile
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Series-Resonant Inverter
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Operation
T1 fired, resonant pulse of current
flows through the load. The current
falls to zero at t = t1m and T1 is self
commutated.
T2 fired, reverse resonant current
flows through the load and T2 is also
self-commutated.
The series resonant circuit must be
underdamped,
R2 < (4L/C)
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di1
1
L
Ri1 i1dt vC (0) VS
dt
C
i1 (0) 0
vC (0) VC
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i1 (t ) A1e
R
t
2L
sin r t
1
2
1
R2
r
2
LC 4 L
Vs Vc
di1
A1
dt t 0
r L
Vs Vc t
i1 (t )
e sin r t
r L
R
2L
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e
sin
e
cos r t 0
r
r
r L
.....
r
tan r tm
1 r t m
tan
r t m
1
1 r
tm
tan
r
2
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1
vC1 (t ) i1 (t )dt Vc
C0
1 Vs Vc
t
vC1 (t )
e
sin r t dt VC
C 0 r L
...
t
0 t t1m ( )
r
Vs
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i2 (t ) 0
vC2 (t ) VC1
vC2 (t2m ) VC2 VC1
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t2m
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di3
1
L
Ri3 i3dt vC3 (0) 0
dt
C
i3 (0) 0
vC3 (0) VC2 VC1
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i3 (t )
VC1
r L
sin r t
1
vC3 (t ) i3dt VC1
C0
vC3 (t )
0 t t3m ( )
r
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.
.
1
VC VS z
e 1
ez
VC1 VS z
e 1
VC VS VC1
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VS
V3
V2
OPO
Active vectors: V1 to V6
(stationary, not rotating)
Zero vector: V0
Six sectors: I to VI
SECTOR
II
SECTOR III
V4
PPO
SECTOR I
Vref
V1
PPP
OPP
OOO
POO
V0
SECTOR IV
SECTOR VI
SECTOR V
OOP
V5
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POP
V6
v AO (t ) v BO (t ) vCO (t ) 0
(1)
Two-phase voltages
2
cos
0
cos
v (t )
2
3
v (t )
3 sin 0 sin 2
4
3
4
sin
v AO (t )
v (t )
BO
cos
vCO (t )
(2)
V (t ) v (t ) j v (t )
(2) (3)
2
V (t ) v AO (t ) e j 0 v BO (t ) e j 2 / 3 vCO (t ) e j 4 / 3
3
jx
where e cos x j sin x
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(3)
(4)
S1, S6 and S2 ON
2
1
v AO (t ) Vd , v BO (t ) Vd
3
3
1
v
(
t
)
Vd
and CO
3
2
V1 Vd e j 0
3
V2
OPO
(6)
SECTOR
II
SECTOR III
V4
Similarly,
2
j ( k 1)
3
Vk Vd e
3
k 1, 2, ..., 6.
V3
(5) (4)
PPO
SECTOR I
Vref
V1
PPP
OPP
(7)
(5)
OOO
POO
V0
SECTOR IV
SECTOR VI
SECTOR V
OOP
V5
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POP
V6
On-state Switch
[PPP]
S1 , S 3 , S 5
[OOO]
S4 , S6 , S2
V1
[POO]
S1 , S 6 , S 2
V2
[PPO]
S1 , S 3 , S 2
V3
[OPO]
S 4 , S3 , S 2
V4
[OPP]
S 4 , S3 , S5
V5
[OOP]
S4 , S6 , S5
V6
[POP]
S1 , S 6 , S 5
Space Vector
Zero
Vector
Active
Vector
Active Vector: 6
Zero Vector: 1
Redundant switching
states: [PPP] and [OOO]
V0
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Vector
Definition
V0 0
2
V1 Vd e j 0
3
2
j
V2 Vd e 3
3
2
2
j
V3 V d e 3
3
3
2
j
V4 V d e 3
3
4
2
j
V5 V d e 3
3
5
2
j
V6 V d e 3
3
Vref Vref e j
dt
V4
PPO
SECTOR I
Vref
V1
PPP
OPP
Angular displacement
(t )
SECTOR
II
SECTOR III
(8)
V2
OPO
Rotating in space at
2 f
V3
OOO
POO
V0
SECTOR IV
SECTOR VI
SECTOR V
(9)
OOP
V5
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POP
V6
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Vref Ts V1 Ta V2 Tb V0 T0
Ts Ta Tb T0
(10)
2
2
j
j
3
,
and
Vref Vref e , V1 Vd V2 Vd e
V0 0
3
3
(11)
(11) (10)
2
1
Re
:
V
(cos
)
T
V
T
Vd Tb
ref
s
d
a
3
3
Im : Vref (sin ) Ts 1 Vd Tb
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(12)
3 Ts Vref
Vd
Ta
3 Ts Vref
Vd
Tb
sin (
)
3
sin
0 /3
T0 Ts Ta Tb
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(13)
V2
Vref
Tb
V2
Ts
SECTOR I
V1
Ta
V1
Ts
V ref
Location
Dwell Times
0
Ta 0
Tb 0
Ta Tb
Ta Tb
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6
3
Ta Tb
Ta 0
Tb 0
T
m
sin
(
)
s
a
a
3
Tb Ts ma sin
(15)
T0 Ts Tb Tc
ma
3 Vref
Vd
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(16)
V3
OPO
Vref,max
SECTOR
II
SECTOR III
2
3 Vd
Vref , max Vd
3
2
3
(17)
V4
PPP
SECTOR I
Vref
V1
OOO
POO
V0
SECTOR IV
(17) (16)
PPO
OPP
ma,max = 1
V2
SECTOR VI
SECTOR V
OOP
POP
V6
V5
Modulation range: 0 ma 1
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(18)
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V0
V1
OOO POO
Selected vectors:
V0, V1 and V2
Dwell times:
Ts = T0 + Ta + Tb
V2
V0
V2
V1
PPO
PPP
PPO
POO OOO
v AN
Vd
vBN
Vd
vCN
0
V0
Vd
T0
4
Ta
2
Tb
2
T0
2
Ts
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Tb
2
Ta
2
T0
4
V0
V2
OOO PPO
V1
V0
V1
POO
PPP
POO
v AN
V0
PPO OOO
Vd
vBN
Vd
vCN
0
V2
Vd
T0
4
Tb
2
Ta
2
T0
2
Ta
2
Ts
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Tb
2
T0
4
Switching Sequence
V2
V0
V2
V0
V1
V1
V0
OOO
V0
POO
V3
PPO
V2
PPP
V0
PPO
V2
POO
V3
OOO
V0
OOO
V0
OPO
V3
PPO
V4
PPP
V0
PPO
V4
OPO
V3
OOO
V0
OOO
V0
OPO
V5
OPP
V4
PPP
V0
OPP
V4
OPO
V5
OOO
V0
OOO
V0
OOP
V5
OPP
V6
PPP
V0
OPP
V6
OOP
V5
OOO
V0
OOO
V0
OOP
V1
POP
V6
PPP
V0
POP
V6
OOP
V1
OOO
V0
OOO
POO
POP
PPP
POP
POO
OOO
Note: The switching sequences for the odd and ever sectors are different.
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VI
III
II
IV
VI
II
III
IV
v AB
Vd
0
v AO
2Vd / 3
iA
0
ma = 0.696, Ts = 1.1ms
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( f1 60Hz
and
Ts 1 / 720 sec )
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Type-A sequence
(starts and ends with [OOO])
Type-B sequence
(starts and ends with [PPP])
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( f1 60Hz
and
Ts 1 / 720 sec )
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V0
V1
V2
V1
V0
V0
V2
V1
V2
V0
OOO
POO
PPO
POO
OOO
PPP
PPO
POO
PPO
PPP
Tb
2
T0
2
v AN
Vd
vBN
Vd
Vd
Vd
vCN
0
Vd
T0
2
Ta
2
Tb
Ta
2
T0
2
T0
2
Tb
2
Ts
(a) Sequence A
Ta
Ts
(b) Sequence B
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V0
V1
V2
V1
V0
OOO
V0
POO
V3
PPO
V2
POO
V3
OOO
V0
OOO
V0
OPO
V3
PPO
V4
OPO
V3
OOO
V0
OOO
V0
OPO
V5
OPP
V4
OPO
V5
OOO
V0
OOO
V0
OOP
V5
OPP
V6
OOP
V5
OOO
V0
OOO
V0
OOP
V1
POP
V6
OOP
V1
OOO
V0
OOO
POO
POP
POO
OOO
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vCN 0
vCN 0
v AN 0
v AN 0
v BN 0
v BN 0
2 / 3
vg 3
vg 5
v AB
0
Vd
2
iA
0
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