Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Hanna
Earthwork includes:
1. Excavation
2. Grading: Moving earth to change
elevation
3. Temporary shoring
4. Back fill or fill: Adding earth to raise
grade
5. Compaction: Increasing density
6. Disposal
Prof Awad S. Hanna
A. Job conditions
Material type
Water level and moisture content
Job size
Length of haul
Haul road condition (accessibility and
load restrictions)
B. Management conditions
Equipment conditions and
maintenance practices
Skills of work force and management
Planning, supervision and
coordination of work.
Management Conditions*
J ob Conditions**
Excellent
Good
Fair
Poor
Excellent
0.84
0.81
0.76
0.70
Good
0.78
0.75
0.71
0.65
Fair
0.72
0.69
0.65
0.60
Poor
0.63
0.61
0.57
0.52
Cubic Yard (bank, loose, or compacted)
Bank (BCY):
1.0 CUBIC
YARD IN
NATURAL
CONDITION
(IN-PLACE
YARD)
1.25 CUBIC
YARD AFTER
DIGGING
(LOOSE
YARDS)
0.90 CUBIC
YARD AFTER
COMPACTED
(COMPACTE
D YARDS)
1.25
1.0
In place
0.90
Loose
Compacted
Bank: VB
Bank cubic yards (BCY)
Density B Lb /BCY
Loose: Vl
Loose cubic yards (LCY)
Density L Lb/LCY
Compacted: Vc
Compacted cubic yards (CCY)
Density C LB/CCY
Prof Awad S. Hanna
Swell:
A soil increase in volume when it is excavated.
density
Swell (%) = Bank
(
- 1) x 100
Loose density
Shrinkage:
A soil decreases in volume when it is
compacted
Shrinkage (%) = (1 Bank
- ) x 100
density
Compacted density
Shrinkage factor = 1 - Shrinkage
Compacted volume
= Bank volume x Shrinkage factor
Material
Clay, dry
Clay, wet
Clay and gravel, dry
Clay and gravel, wet
Earth, dry
Earth, moist
Earth, wet
Gravel, wet
Gravel, dry
Sand, dry
Sand, wet
Sand and gravel, dry
Sand and gravel, wet
Loose
(lb/cy)
2,100
2,700
2,400
2,600
2,215
2,410
2,750
2,780
3,090
2,600
3,100
2,900
3,400
Bank Swell
(lb/cy) (%)
2,650 26
3,575 32
2,800 17
3,100 17
2,850 29
3,080 28
3,380 23
3,140 13
3,620 17
2,920 12
3,520 13
3,250 12
3,750 10
Load
Factor
0.79
0.76
0.85
0.85
0.78
0.78
0.81
0.88
0.85
0.89
0.88
0.89
0.91
Exact values will vary with grain size, moisture content, compaction,
etc. Test to determine exact values for specific soils.
Prof Awad S. Hanna
Initial
Soil Type
Soil Condition
Clay
Bank
Loose
Compacted
Common earth Bank
Loose
Compacted
Rock (blasted) Bank
Loose
Compacted
Sand
Bank
Loose
Compacted
Bank
1.00
0.79
1.11
1.00
0.80
1.11
1.00
0.67
0.77
1.00
0.89
1.05
Convrted to:
Loose
Compacted
1.27
0.90
1.00
0.71
1.41
1.00
1.25
0.90
1.00
0.72
1.39
1.00
1.50
1.30
1.00
0.87
1.15
1.00
1.12
0.95
1.00
0.85
1.18
1.00
2-0
or more
Prof Awad S. Hanna
Angle of Repose
ra
ge
de
d
1: Sl
1 op
(4 e
5
f
D or
eg A
. ) ve
en
Re
co
m
m
Co
mp
ac
te
1/2 d A
:1 ngu
(6
3 D lar G
eg rav
.)
el s
Original
Ground Line
So
ils
nd
d
Sa
an
p
S
)
e
ar g.
os
o
Sh De
L
)
d
ed Deg.
te (33
d
c
un
6
pa 2 :1
Ro 1 (2
m
l
/
l
:
o
e
1
2
C 1
W
1.
2.
Used in sites where length is much
greater than width
1. End Area Method
a.Take cross-sections at regular intervals,
typically, 100 intervals.
b.Calculate the cross-section end areas
c.The volume of earthwork between sections
is obtained by taking the average of the
end areas at each station in square feet
multiplied by the distance between
sections in feet and dividing by 27 to obtain
the volume in cubic yards.
Prof Awad S. Hanna
88
86
84
84
300'
80
82
82
80
78
100'
88
86
l
Fil t
Cu
100'
D
100'
500'
100'
F
100'
80
Sec. A- A
78.5
78
76
82
Sec. B- B
80.3
80
78
84
Sec. C- C
82.3
82
80
86
Sec. D- D
84.2
84
88
Sec. E- E
86.2
86
90
Sec. F- F
88.2
88
Area =
107 x 1.0
= 53.5
2
80
79.5
79
78.5
78
76.7
193 x 1.8
Area =
= 173.7
2
77
76
Section A- A
Prof Awad S. Hanna
90 x 1.5
Area =
2
82
= 67.5
81
80.3
80
76.7
210 x 1.8
Area =
= 189.0
2
79
78
Section B- B
Prof Awad S. Hanna
81.8
Section
A-B
B-C
C-D
D-E
E-F
Used for parking lots and site
leveling
Grid size from 10x10 to 50x50
the greater the terrain variance
the smaller the grid
Step l
Determine by visual study of the site drawing if the net total
will be an import (more fill required than cut) an export (less
fill required than cut) or a blend (cut and fill about equal)
Step 2
Determine the pattern of calculation points or grid size.
Step 3
Determine elevations at each calculation location, the
corners of each grid.
Step 4
Calculate the cubic yards of cut or fill required in each grid
cell.
Step 5
Add the individual Grid Cell quantities together to arrive at
the total cut, total fill volume and the import or volume
export yardage required for the job.
Prof Awad S. Hanna
300
88
87.6
A
87.6
G
87.4
N
87.2
89
88.5
B
88.6
H
88.2
O
87.7
No Scale
90
89.3
C
89.4
J
89.5
P
89.0
91
90.3
92
93
94
91.5
D
90.4
91.6
K
90.6
91.6
Q
90.4
91.3
95.0
F
93.2
M
92.7
93.5
S
92.0
Notes:
1. Bring the entire site to elevation
90.
2. All grids are 50x 50 = 2500 sq.
ft.
94.3
93.1
Purpose
Grade the entire site to grade 90
Need
Fill
Need
Cut
300'
90'
90.5'
91'
150'
90'
Average elevation
87.6+88.5+87.6+88.6
=
4
= 88.08
change
= 90-88.08 87.6
= 1.92
cut =
= 177.77 CY
and so on.
88.6
87.6
87.6