1

Research is an organized inquiry carried out

to provide information for solving problems.

It is the cornerstone of every science.

Statistics is the most important science in

the whole world: for upon it depends the
practical application of every other science
and of every art: the one science essential
to all political and social administration, all
education, all organization based on
experience, for it only gives results of our
experience.
- Florence Nightingale

Research is finding answers to a question

through the use of scientific methods.

Scientific methods is combining the powers

of both deductive and inductive reasonings.

Basic/Pure/Theoretical/Analytic
Research and Applied/Empirical
Research

Qualitative Research and

Quantitative Research

Basic Research
Inquiry on laws,
theories, axioms,
postulates, basic
concepts in the
field of inquiry.

Applied

Research
Empirical
investigation or
inquiry using
measurements
or observations.

Basic Research
The
development of
an estimation
method of a
linear model
with General
Error Distribution

Applied

Research
Where are the
CHED scholargraduates? What
is their profile?

 Qualitative

Research

Inquiry that use

information based on an
understanding of the
behavior of people and
institutions, their values,
rituals, symbols, beliefs,
emotions.
Data collection requires
complete participant
observation , participant
as observer, case study,
focus group discussion.

Quantitative

Research
Inquiry based on
information collected
through surveys,
experiments,
administrative
records and which
require statistical
methods for analysis.

 Qualitative

Research
A Case Study of a
Lakeshore Family
along Laguna de
Bay.

Quantitative

Research
Factors Influencing
Employment Status of
the Elderly in Thailand

Focus of this lecture is data analysis for quantitative applied

research and the use of statistical methods of data analysis.

Focus groups and surveys have very different strengths

FOCUS GROUPS SURVEYS

Focus groups excel at
Surveys provide quantitative
providing in-depth qualitative data that can be
generalized
insights gleaned from a to larger populations
small number of people
Surveys measure things
Focus groups do not
frequencies of behavior,
measure. They collect a
differences in attitudes,
breath of range of information
intensity of feelings, etc.
so that a story can be told.
THE BEST INFORMATION CAN OFTEN BE GATHERED BY
USING THE FOCUS GROUPS AND SURVEYS TOGETHER.

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Problem

Hypothesis
Deductive
phase

Generalization

Theory

Research
Design

Data Analysis
Measurement
Inductive phase
Data Collection
From Nachmias and Nachmias and Babbie
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Identification and Formulation of the Research Problem

Determination of the Researchability of the Problem and
the Value of the Research
Construction of the Research Objectives (Main Objective(s)
and Specific Objectives)
Review of Literature and Interview of Experts to Get
Acquainted with the Research Problem
Review and Finalization of the Research Objectives
Construction of the Conceptual Framework of the Study
which includes the Assumptions of the Study
Formulation of the Research Hypotheses
Construction of the Operational Framework of the Study
The more detailed procedure above is used for usual quantitative
research in the social sciences and management sciences, in
general, and business and economics.

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Determination of Possible Research

Obstacles
Construction of the Research Design
- Sampling Design
- Data Collection Method
- Methods for Data Analysis
(The above, along with a work plan and a
financial plan, constitute the research
proposal)
Data Collection
Data Processing
Tabulation of Data
Analysis and Interpretation of Data
Drawing Conclusions and Making
Recommendations
Reporting the Research Findings

THESE
ARE THE
STEPS IN
THE
RESEARCH

PROCESS
WHERE
STATISTICAL

METHODS
ARE MOST
USED

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State who your subjects will be,

how they will be selected,
the conditions under which the data
will be collected,
treatment variables to be manipulated,
what measuring instruments and datagathering techniques will be used,
and how the data will be analyzed and
interpreted.

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LimitationsWhat are the limitations surrounding

your study and within which
conclusions must be confined?
What limitations exist in your methods
or approachsampling restrictions,
uncontrolled variables,
faulty instrumentation,
and other compromises to internal
and external validity?
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How have you arbitrarily narrowed the

scope of the study?
Did you focus on selected aspects of the
problem,
certain areas of interest,
a limited range of subjects,
and level of sophistication involved?

16

Classifications of
Statistical Methods
* Descriptive
Methods
* Inferential
Methods

Choosing

the
Type of Analysis
* Univariate
* Multivariate

estimation
(point and interval)
- Tests of
hypothesis

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 Question

that needs to be
answered

Type

of Data

18

Quantitative data or qualitative data

(levels of measurement)
Cross section data or time series data
Experimental , pseudo-experimental, or
non-experimental

19

What factors can explain a certain

characteristic of some entity(person, city,
country, school)
Is a certain variable a function of a number
of variables?
Are these characteristics correlated?

20

Common Univariate
Statistical
Methods
Used to answer the question involving the
Statistical Models for independent
observations on a dependent variable
(usually survey data or experimental data
for a single dependent variable)

21

Dependent
Variable

Independent
Variables

Quantitative All Quantitative

Model
Classical Regression

Quantitative Some Quantitative Classical Regression With Dummy Variables to

Some Qualitative Represent Qualitative Variables
Emphasis on
Quantitative
Quantitative Some Quantitative Analysis of Covariance (ANOCOVA)
Some Qualitative
Emphasis on
Qualitative
Quantitative All Qualitative

Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)

Qualitative

Some Quantitative Logistic Regression

Some Qualitative (An Alternative is Discriminant Analysis, a
Multivariate Statistical Method)

Qualitative

All Qualitative

Loglinear Models ( Chi-Square test of

Independence is a special case)

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Dependent
Variable

Independent
Variables

Quantitative All Quantitative

Model
Classical Regression
Regression with Autocorrelated
Errors
Cointegrated Data

Quantitative Some Quantitative Classical Regression and

Some Qualitative Regression with Autocorrelated
Errors With Dummy Variables to
Represent Qualitative Variables
Qualitative

Some Quantitative Logistic Regression

Some Qualitative
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Some examples of
describing data

24

Palay Prices,
Quarter 1, 1999 Quarter 4, 2004

25

26

Poverty Indicator

Consists of a
series of
rectangular
vertical bars
where the length
of the bar
represents the
magnitude
demonstrated
each bar
represents a time
period or a class
interval

Poverty Trends in Indonesia

60
54.2

47.9

50
43.2

38.4

40.1

40

35

37.3

34.5

36.1

30
30

27.2

28.6

25.9
22.5

23.4

21.6

20

17.4

18.2

17.5
15.1

17.4

13.7
11.3

10

0
1976

1980

1984

1987

1990

1993

1996

1996*

1999

2002

2003

2004

Year

Poor Population (in million)

Poverty Incidence(in %)

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16.7

28

Consists of a series
of horizontal
rectangular bars
whose lengths
represent the
magnitude to be
demonstrated

each bar represents

a category

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A circle which is
divided into
sectors in such a
way that the area
of each sector is
proportional to
the size of the
quantity
represented by
the sector

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* P250,000 and above annual income

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1980

=10,000,000

1990

1995

2000

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Poverty Mapping and Targeting Project

AGUSAN DEL NORTE

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Measures of Central tendency

Measures of Location
Measures of Dispersion
Measures of Skewness
Measure of Kurtosis

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Summary Statistics
LIFE_EXP
N
Mean
Median
Mode
Std. Deviation
Variance
Skewness
Std. Error of Skewness
Kurtosis
Std. Error of Kurtosis
Range
Minimum
Maximum
Percentiles

Valid
Missing

10
90

74
0
62.9167
64.7016
36.00a
11.8226
139.7738
-.439
.279
-1.096
.552
42.15
36.00
78.15
45.4164
76.4829

a. Multiple modes exist. The smallest value is shown

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Consider the Data from NPC-Transco on

energy sales in the Luzon grid.

The monthly database is from January 1985

to December 2002

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37

Trend- Sales is generally increasing except

in January 2002 where a drop in level is
noted.

Seasonality- There seems to be seasonality

but there is volatility and disruptions in the
pattern. These are evident in 1992 1994
and in 1999-2002.

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Unusual values- March 1993 and January

2002 seem to be much lower than their
respective preceding data points.

39

Tests concerning a population

mean/proportion

Tests on the differences between

population means/proportions from two
independent populations

Tests on the differences between

population means/proportions from two
related populations

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Tests of relationships
between two variables Y (variable of
interest called dependent variable) and X
used to study Y(referred to as independent
variable):
1.
ANOVA
2.
SIMPLE LINEAR REGRESSION
3.
CHI SQUARE TEST OF INDEPENDENCE

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1.

2.

3.

ANOVA - Y is quantitative and X is

qualitative and is called factor
SIMPLE LINEAR REGRESSION Y is
quantitative and X is quantitative
CHI SQUARE TEST OF INDEPENDENCE Y
and X are qualitative

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Ho : Y and X are not related

Versus
Ha: Y and X are related

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Tests on the differences between population

means/proportions from two or more
independent populations

There are many ANOVA models. Among

them are: one-factor ANOVA ,
two-factor ANOVA w/o replication ,
two-factor ANOVA w/ replications

44

Ho:Beneficiaries from three locations have the same mean

income
Ha: at least two mean incomes are different
or
Ho: uL=uV=uM
Ha: at least one inequality

45

tests if there is linear relationship between

two quantitative variables

46

tests the presence of a relationship

between two qualitative variables
Ho: variable A and variable B are not
correlated
Ha:variable A and variable B are
correlated

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 Statistical

Methods

Computer
Softwares

: Editors like Microsoft Word

Softwares like Excel for the
Database, Graphs, Tables,
and Simple Analyses
Statistical Softwares for
Statistical Analysis SPSS,
SAS, STATA, MINITAB
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Construction of the Questionnaire

Data Analysis: Descriptive Statistics
Simple Inferential Statistics
Classical Regression Analysis and
Logistic Regression Analysis
ANOVA and ANOCOVA
Chi-Square Test of Independence and
Simple Analyses of Categorical Data
Factor Analysis and other Multivariate
Techniques

49

 Asis, Maruja M.B. (2002). Formulating the Research

Problem, reference material in the University of the
Philippines Summer Workshops on Research Proposal
Writing.
Babbie, Earl (1992). The Practice of Social Research ( 6th
ed.), California: Wadswoth Publishing Co.
Bersales, Lisa Grace S.(2004). Research in Business and
Economics, a lecture presented at the University of St. LA
Salle, Bacolod City.
Bersales, Lisa Grace S.(2003). Statistical Methods as Tools
in Research and Development, a lecture presented at the
U.P. Diliman College of Science Colloquia.
Bersales, Lisa Grace S.(2003). The Importance of the
Sampling Design in the Conduct of Research in the Social
Sciences, a lecture presented at the U.P. Diliman College
of Social Science and Philisophy.
Bersales, Lisa Grace S., Dennis S. Mapa, and Genelyn Ma.
F. Sarte (2003). Modules for Statistics of the Bangko
Sentral ng Pilipinas Institute.

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 Borg, Walter R. Educational Research: An Introduction.

David McKay Company, Inc. New York. 1963
Meliton, Juanico B.(2002). Reviewing Related Literature,
reference material in the University of the Philippines
Summer Workshops on Research Proposal Writing.
Mercado, Cesar M.B. (2002). Overview of the Research
Process, reference material in the University of the
Philippines Summer Workshops on Research Proposal
Writing.
Mercado, Cesar M.B. (2002). Proposal and Report Writing,
reference material in the University of the Philippines
Summer Workshops on Research Proposal Writing.

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 Nachmias, Chava F. and David Nachmias, 1996. Research

Methods in the Social Sciences( 5th ed.), New York: St.
Martins Press.
Phillips, Estelle M. and Derek S. Pugh (2000). How to Get
a Ph.D.: A Handbook for Students and Their Supervisors
(3rd ed), Philadelphia: Open University Press.
Statistical Research and Training Center (SRTC) Training
Module on Research.
University of the Philippines Statistical Center Research
Foundation (UPSCRF) Module on Statistical Methods for
the Social Sciences.

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Thank you very much

for listening!

Acknowledgement:
Lisa Grace S. Bersales, Ph.D.
Dean and Professor of
Statistics
U.P. School of Statistics
Josefina V. Almeda
Undergraduate Director
U.P. School of Statistics
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