LEADERSHIP VALUES AND ETHICS

Moral issues greet us each morning in the

newspaper, confront us in the memos on our
desks, nag us from our children's soccer fields, and
bid us good night on the evening news.
We are bombarded daily with questions about the
justice of our foreign policy, the morality of medical
technologies that can prolong our lives, the rights
of the homeless, the fairness of our children's
teachers to the diverse students in their
classrooms.

 Dealing with these moral issues is often

perplexing. How, exactly, should we think through
an ethical issue? What questions should we ask?
What factors should we consider?
The first step in analyzing moral issues is obvious
but not always easy: Get the facts.
But having the facts is not enough. In addition to
getting the facts, resolving an ethical issue also
requires an appeal to values.

THE UTILITARIAN APPROACH

To analyze an issue using the utilitarian approach,

We first identify the various courses of action available to

us.

Second, we ask who will be affected by each action and

what benefits or harms will be derived from each.

And third, we choose the action that will produce the

greatest benefits and the least harm.

THE RIGHTS APPROACH

People are not objects to be manipulated; it is a violation of
human dignity to use people in ways they do not freely choose.
These other rights can be thought of as different aspects of the
basic right to be treated as we choose.

The right to the truth: We have a right to be told the truth and to be
informed about matters that significantly affect our choices.
The right of privacy: We have the right to do, believe, and say
whatever we choose in our personal lives so long as we do not violate
the rights of others.
The right not to be injured: We have the right not to be harmed or
injured unless we freely and knowingly do something to deserve
punishment or we freely and knowingly choose to risk such injuries.
The right to what is agreed: We have a right to what has been
promised by those with whom we have freely entered into a contract
or agreement.

THE FAIRNESS OR JUSTICE APPROACH

The basic moral question in this approach is: How fair is an

action? Does it treat everyone in the same way, or does it
show favoritism and discrimination?

Favoritism gives benefits to some people without a

justifiable reason for singling them out; discrimination
imposes burdens on people who are no different from those
on whom burdens are not imposed. Both favoritism and
discrimination are unjust and wrong.

THE COMMON-GOOD APPROACH

This approach to ethics assumes a society comprising individuals

whose own good is inextricably linked to the good of the
community.

In this approach, we focus on ensuring that the

social systems, institutions, and environments
depend are beneficial to all. Examples of goods
include affordable health care, effective public
among nations, a just legal system, and
environment.

While respecting and valuing the freedom of individuals to pursue

their own goals, the common-good approach challenges us also to
recognize and further those goals we share in common.

social policies,
on which we
common to all
safety, peace
an unpolluted

THE VIRTUE APPROACH

The virtue approach to ethics assumes that there are
certain ideals toward which we should strive, which
provide for the full development of our humanity.
Virtues are attitudes or character traits that enable
us to be and to act in ways that develop our highest
potential.
Virtues are like habits; that is, once acquired, they
become characteristic of a person.

ETHICAL PROBLEM SOLVING

These five approaches suggest that once we have
ascertained the facts, we should ask ourselves five
questions when trying to resolve a moral issue:

What benefits and what harms will each course of action produce,
and which alternative will lead to the best overall consequences?
What moral rights do the affected parties have, and which course
of action best respects those rights?
Which course of action treats everyone the same, except where
there is a morally justifiable reason not to, and does not show
favoritism or discrimination?
Which course of action advances the common good?
Which meant
course of
develops most
moral of
virtues?
hod is merely
toaction
help identify
the important ethical cons

PROFESSIONAL INTEGRITY:
THINKING ETHICALLY
The hole in the ethical atmosphere generated by
corporate irresponsibility, spotlighted by Enronlike debacles, has left many pondering the cure
for what appears to be the slow decline towards
an ethically blind professional culture.

Professional Integrity is a philosophically practical

examination of the meta-ethical realm of
professional responsibility

 Refl ections on practical ethical issues, shared

moral
experiences,
and
personal
remembrances of professionals bypass the
philosophical limitations of approaching ethics
solely from the theoretical perspective.

In the ongoing struggle for ethical harmony, there

are those emerging professionals who sometimes
become lost in the battle as they pinball the halls
of codes, struggling to make it to the top.

 Society and its leaders expect members in their

service to provide for needs throughout the
complex stages of life: provision that takes a keen
sense of responsibility, self-awareness, and
emotional intelligence.
Th inking ethically is presented as an instinct
capable of being honed to the level of automatic
proaction. Professionals are encouraged to
reexamine their responsibility to humanity.

INTEGRATING CRITICAL THINKING AND ETHICS

If we bring ethics into the curriculum and we should
we must ensure that we do so morally.
Any particular moral judgment arises from someone
conceptualizing the facts of a situation from some moral
perspective or standpoint.
In any case, for any particular instance of moral judgment
or reasoning, employees should learn the art of
distinguishing principles from perspectives and facts.
Since moral judgment and reasoning presupposes and is
subject to the same intellectual principles and standards
that educated people use in all domains of learning, one
can integrate consideration of moral issues into diverse
subject areas, certainly into literature, science, history,
civics, and society.

ETHICS, CIVICS, AND THE STUDY OF

SOCIETY
No perspective, not even one called moderate,
should be presented as the correct one.
By the same token, we should be careful not to lead
the students to believe that all perspectives are
equally justified or that important insights are equally
found in all points of view.
We should continually encourage and stimulate our
students to think and never do their thinking for them.
We should, above all, be teachers and not preachers.

THE NEED FOR LEADERSHIP

Is moral leadership possible? It is not clear what is meant here by
moral leadership. One interpretation of moral leadership is to
denote persons, generally well known ,
It is commonly recognized that a person may be a good
administrator, but no leader.
Similarly, a person may be an authority, or in authority i.e. the
ranking official but still be no leader.
Leaders attempt to act through organizations, that is, they avail
themselves of organizational resources to support their action.
Thus, we look to moral leadership meaning moral, heroic
leadership to support the hope that those organizations we wish
to maintain will generate more good than evil.

THE PROBLEM WITH MORALITY

It commonly happens especially in education
that directives are issued or objectives
proposed in circumstances where those called to
implement them believe they lack sufficient
resources to carry out their task.
The most interesting moral dilemmas are those
where good competes with good.

MORALITY AND SOCIAL CONTROL

There is a common confusion that morality is a form of
social control.
Clearly, there are forms of social control that do not
involve morality (e.g., any particular set of moral
precepts or intentions).
But morality involves more than just social control, and
people may be said to have moral commitments.

MORAL LEADERSHIP
It is generally acknowledged that there is a need for
the corporate sector to employ ethical practice, to
exercise greater transparency of governance and for
businesses to be socially responsible and good
corporate citizens.

POWER OF CONTROVERSY
The moral values of the Right, while dominant,
have not yet erased or silenced the morality of
those of us who despair at the Rights dominance.
MORAL DEBATE
Moving beyond business to the broader political
and community context, it is clear the concepts of
values, morals and ethics are deeply mired in
hypocrisy and controversy; indeed, to raise these
issues puts us on very shaky ground.

USING THE ETHICAL FRAMEWORK TO WORK

WITH MORAL DILEMMAS
Having briefly offered the ethical framework of
critique, justice and caring, it is patently clear
that the framework offers no easy solutions to the
moral dilemmas faced by decision-makers.

The framework thus, not only embeds the concepts of shared, devolved and collaborative
decision-making, but creates the basis for the meaningful enactment of moral leadership.

ENTREPRENEURS AND MORAL

LEADERSHIP
The essentials of a good entrepreneur are; Vision
Self motivation
Imaginative power
Foresightedness
Leadership
Sense of practicality
Commitment towards work
Consistency
Good communication skills
Integrity towards the profession

 As one heads towards an elevated position the

lack of self control of the person is revealed in
some way or the other, one of the most common
forms being immorality.
As the entrepreneur is now regarded as a leader
his title is altered a bit and he becomes an
immoral leader.
The lack of ethical leadership is now prevalent at
all altitudes of the social order.

Morality has its relevance

The basic principles of honesty, truthfulness, and
integrity take you ahead of others in a long rung
when you are in a market place.
The most important factor that goes along with
morality is that it serves as an internal check
system, which promotes rationality in thinking
and taking decisions.

 For the retention of these positions

entrepreneurial leader must comply with
following points,

the
the

Purpose of the existence of the business

Complete and comprehensive knowledge of the same
Excellence and perfection in the work
Trust in subordinates and colleagues.

As know we are well aware of what are moral and

immoral activities in a business we shall pay good
heed to our workings in the organization which
shall be kept free from all sorts of immorality.

CASE STUDY
ETHICAL FRAMEWORKS OF DECISION MAKING:
A
CASE
STUDY
ON
MARKETING
OF
PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTS.

Ethics is the central part of success of any business of repute.

The main guiding frameworks of every decision are

consequence based thinking, duty based thinking, and virtue
based thinking. Decisions are generally influenced by individual
factors, organisational setting, and available opportunities.

Pharmaceutical companies have a duty to uphold an ethical

relationship within the marketplace. There is a duty of care to
the health and safety of all. Issues are raised that as
pharmaceutical companies have a large investment to protect
and stakeholders to please, how we ensure that an ethical
standard is upheld.

Pharmaceutical
Industry
Marketing Practices in India.

and

The pharmaceutical industry in India is

accelerating product development and breaking
new highs in medicine research worldwide.
By 2015, moreover, according to a FICCI-Ernst &
Young study, the increasing population of higherincome group in the country will open a potential
market for multinational companies selling costly
drugs which are estimated of US$ 8 billion.

Application of Ethics in Marketing of

Pharmaceutical Products.
When one talks of ethics, the pharmaceutical industry
in India often proffers Good Manufacturing Practice
(GMP) as an example of their good behavior.
The controlling authorities do not have adequate staff
to monitor the practices followed by the licensed
manufacturers and see that they conform to GMP
norms.
Taking
advantage
of
the
situation
manufacturers, both small and big, frequently flout
norms.

Conclusion
When anyone (man or organization) steps in to the
world of business, he or she wants to prove him/
her and be successful. This can be achieved either
by abandoning or holding on to principles of ethics.
Effective organizations are made up of managers
who are action- oriented people, who resolve
conflicts, are tolerant of ambiguity, stress and
change and have a strong sense of purpose for
themselves and their organizations.

CONCLUSION
In the end, we must deliberate on moral issues
for ourselves, keeping a careful eye on both the
facts and on the ethical considerations involved.
The lack of moral leadership is demonstrated in
the continuous uncovering of unethical behavior
at all levels of society in all parts of the world.

 No sphere of human endeavor, from the family to

the highest corridors of power, remains
unaffected.
To know what is moral and ethical is not enough.
To become a moral person, the individual must
put this knowledge into action. Thus, the
capabilities that empower the individual to know
and to act morally are of primary importance in
developing moral leadership.

THANK
YOU