CLONING AND YOU

Rob Kelly
Sam Rapine
Joyce Rasing
Lisa Vagnoni
 Genetic Materials
- A zygote is a fertilized egg

- Differentiation is when cells will specialize

- Gurdon found a way to reverse this process,
which was unsuccessful
Genetic Materials
- Chromosomes are made of
genes. Genes are made
of DNA. DNA are
molecules that contain
hereditary information.

- Genes are “units of

inheritance”; what is
passed down to the
offspring from the
parents

 The entire “library” of

genetic instructions
that an organism
inherits is called its
 Genetic Materials
 The way DNA encodes a cell’s information is analogous to
the way we arrange the letters of the alphabet into
precise sequences with specific meanings.
 The word rat, for example, conjures up an image of a
rodent; the words tar and art, which contain the same
letters, mean very different things.
 Libraries are filled with books containing information
encoded in varying sequences of only 26 letters. We
can think of nucleotides as the alphabet of inheritance.
 Specific sequential arrangements of these four chemical
letters encode the precise information in genes, which
are typically hundreds or thousands of nucleotides
long.
 One gene in a bacterial cell may be translated as “Build a
purple pigment.” A particular human gene may mean
“Make the hormone insulin.”
Cloning Process

 “Dolly” – The first

mammalian to be
cloned using an adult
cell at Roslin Institute
in Scotland
 Dolly (sheep) is an
example of
reproductive
cloning
 An enucleated
oocyte
was
injected
with a
“donor
nucleus”
 Nucleus was
fused with
cytoplasm
http://media-2.web.britannica.com/eb-media/10/70110-004-420D4C4C.jpg
 Cloning in Brave New
World
 Therapeutic Cloning is the
process of harvesting
stem cells in order to
study development and
treat disease
 This type of cloning is
what scientists
hope to use in
order to clone
organs for
transplants
 Dolly was an example of
Reproductive Cloning
 Risks of Cloning

 The cost of cloning is very high

 The failure to produce offspring proves no

point in cloning
 So far, ninety percent or more fail to
produce offspring, though the rate of
failure is falling

 Abnormal lives
 Young age of death (deaths are usually
mysterious)
 Abnormal functioning
 Cloning History

 Tadpoles of 1952
 This was not successful; they never became
frogs.
 Dolly the Sheep was created in 1996 through
the modern method, which entails a
relatively more successful organism
 Many mammals have since been successfully
cloned
 Modern applications are more geared towards
producing compatible organs for transplants
—not very cost effective, but technology is
always improving and a practical method is
not far off.
 Human cloning has not been entirely
Ethical Concerns of
Cloning

 The concern of the rights of these

individuals
 Are they extended the same liberties as
natural-born humans? (N/A)
 Will viable human cloning ever be fully
realized?
 If so, should the government step in?
 Do parents have the right to design their
babies?
 Is the practice of eugenics desirable at all?
 Another one arises in our right to “create
life” as such
 One’s right to/ownership of genetic material
 Works Cited

 Campbell, Neil A., and Jane B. Reece. "A Closer Look at Cells." Biology.

 San Francisco: Pearson, 2004. Print.

 Human Genome Program. "Cloning Fact Sheet." Human Genome

 Project Information. U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science,

 Office of Biological and Environmental Research, 11 May 2009.

 Web. 19 Oct. 2009.  <http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/elsi/cloning.shtml>.

 Love, Jamie. "The Cloning of Dolly." Science Explained. 27 Nov. 1997. Web. 19 Oct. 2009.
<http://www.synapses.co.uk/science/clone.html>.