PowerPoint Lecture Slides prepared by Vince Austin, University of Kentucky

The Human Body:

An Orientation
Part B

Human Anatomy & Physiology, Sixth Edition

Elaine N. Marieb
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Today! We will learn about.

Life functions and survival needs

Homeostasis and Feedback
mechanisms
Anatomical position and directional
terms

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Necessary Life Functions

Maintaining boundaries the internal

environment remains distinct from
the external
Cellular level accomplished by
plasma membranes
Organismal level accomplished by
the skin
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Necessary Life Functions

Movement locomotion, propulsion

(peristalsis), and contractility
Responsiveness ability to sense
changes in the environment and
respond to them
Digestion breakdown of ingested
foodstuffs
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Necessary Life Functions

Metabolism all the chemical

reactions that occur in the body
Excretion removal of wastes from
the body

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Necessary Life Functions

Reproduction cellular and organismal

levels
Cellular an original cell divides and
produces two identical daughter
cells
Organismal sperm and egg unite to
make a whole new person
Growth increase in size of a body
part or of the organism
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Survival Needs

Nutrients chemical substances used

for energy and cell building
Oxygen needed for metabolic
reactions
Water provides the necessary
environment for chemical reactions
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Survival Needs

Maintaining normal body temperature

necessary for chemical reactions to
occur at life-sustaining rates
Atmospheric pressure required for
proper breathing and gas exchange in
the lungs

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Homeostasis

Homeostasis is the ability to maintain

a relatively stable internal
environment in an ever-changing
outside world
The internal environment of the body
is in a dynamic state of equilibrium
Chemical, thermal, and neural factors
interact to maintain homeostasis
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Homeostatic Control Mechanisms

The variable produces a change in the body

The three interdependent components of
control mechanisms are:
Receptor monitors the environments and
responds to changes (stimuli)
Control center determines the set point at
which the variable is maintained
Effector provides the means to respond to
the stimulus
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Homeostatic Control Mechanisms

Control
center

3 Input:
Information
sent along
afferent
pathway to

4 Output:
Information sent
along efferent
pathway to

Effector

Receptor (sensor)

2 Change
detected
by receptor

Stimulus:
Produces
change
in variable

Imb

5 Response of
effector feeds
back to influence
magnitude of
stimulus and
returns
variable to
homeostasis

ala
nce

Variable (in homeostasis)

Im b
ala
n

ce
Figure 1.4

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Negative Feedback

In negative feedback systems, the

output shuts off the original stimulus
Example: Regulation of blood glucose
levels

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Negative Feedback

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 1.5

Positive Feedback

In positive
feedback
systems, the
output enhances
or exaggerates
the original
stimulus
Example:
Regulation of
blood clotting
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 1.6

Homeostatic Imbalance

Disturbance of homeostasis or the

bodys normal equilibrium
Overwhelming of negative feedback
mechanisms allowing destructive
positive feedback mechanisms to
take over
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Anatomical Position

Body erect,
feet slightly
apart, palms
facing forward,
thumbs point
away from body
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 1.7a

Directional Terms

Superior toward the head

Inferior away from the head

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Directional Terms

Anterior toward the front of the

body
Posterior toward the back of the
body

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Directional Terms

Medial toward the midline

Lateral - away from the midline
Intermediate between a more medial
and lateral structure

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Directional Terms

Proximal closer to the origin of the

body
Distal farther from the origin of
the body

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Directional Terms

Superficial toward the body

surface
Deep away from the body surface

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Directional Terms

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Table 1.1

Directional Terms

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Table 1.1

Regional Terms: Anterior View

Axial head,
neck, and
trunk
Appendicular
appendages or
limbs
Specific
regional
terminology
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Figure 1.7a

Regional Terms: Posterior View

Figure 1.7b
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Anatomical Variability

Humans vary slightly in both external and

internal anatomy
Over 90% of all anatomical structures
match textbook descriptions, but:
Nerves or blood vessels may be
somewhat out of place
Small muscles may be missing
Extreme anatomical variations are
seldom seen
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Quiz next time over the material in this lecture!

Work on study guide Will be a check on pages 11-16

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings