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Propulsion of Ships
The propulsion system of a ship is to provide the
thrust to the ship to overcome the resistance.
6.1 Introduction
Propeller (5-blade)
Jet Propulsion
Nozzle Propellers
Vertical-Axis Propellers
Vertical-Axis Propellers
Contra-rotating Propellers
Definition of Power
Indicated horsepower (PI): is measured in the cylinders (Steam
reciprocating engines) by means of an instrument (an
indicator) which continuously records the gas or steam
pressure throughout the length of the piston travel.
PI pm L A n/ 550
pm - mean effective pressure (psi)
L Length of piston stroke (ft)
n number of working strokes per second
A effective piston area (in2)
n number of cylinders
PB 2 nQ / 550
where Q brake torque (lb-ft) & n revolutions per second.
Shaft horsepower (PS): is the power transmitted through the shaft
to the propeller. It is usually measured aboard ship as close to the
propeller as possible by means
of a torsion meter .
4
PS
dS
G n
13, 033bLS
PT T VA / 550
PE RT Vs / 550
Propulsion Efficiency
Total propulsion efficiency
T
PE
PS
PD
,
PS
and thus, T DS .
Boss
Number of Blades: 2, 3, 4, 5 ,6
Boss
Hubcap
Shaft
P
2 r
PR
tan
or tan
Pitch ratio: PR
P
D
2 r
p180
Expended Area AE
Developed Area AD
Rake
Skew
Pitch ratio
P
PR
D
VA
D
VA(1+a)
VA(1+b)
Momentum Conservation
Force = net momentum flux
(horizontal)
T Q VA 1 b VA
Q 1 a VA A0 = VA Af = 1 b VA Aa
(mass conservation)
T QVAb A0VA2 1 a b
Energy Equation
V
P V 1 b
2g
2g
2
A
2
A
A0 P T ,
b 2 b VA
T
1
, T A0 b 2 b VA2
A0
2g
2
1 a 1 b
or a b
QP TQ
1 a VA A0 1 a
A0
1
1
1 a 1 b / 2
Defining the thrust loading coeff., CT , as
A0VA2 1 a b
T
CT 1
4 1 a a
2
2
1
2 VA A0
2 VA A0
1 1 CT
Thus, a
2
2
& I
1 1 CT
1 a '
I
& a ' 0.
1 a
2
2
2
1 a '
1
2
where 2 is the rotation velocity of flow after the propeller,
& is the rotation velocity of the propeller.
r r r
The total velo. at radius r , Vr VA VT ,
Thrust:
VT 2 rN .
dT d L cos d D sin
q d F r
& d L and d D f
VA
r
Vr r
r 1 a '
a ' r
T f , D , V A , g , n, p ,
n - rotational speed, D - diameter of propeller
p - pressure in water, - dynamic viscosity
VA - speed of advancing, T - Thrust
T
f
2
4
n D
VA V A
VA D
p
,
,1
,
2
nD
gD
A
2
VA
VA D
p
Froude #:
, Euler #: 1
, Reynolds #:
2
gD
2 VA
Advanced ratio: J
VA
, Thrust coeff. :
nD
KT
T
n2 D 4
.
2 nQ K Q 2 nD 2 K Q
When all the dimensionless parameters are the same for the
two geometrically similar propellers, the two propellers
will be dynamically similar.
Ds
Scale ratio:
Dm
For the same Froude #:
VAs
VAm
Ds
Dm
p
p
For the same Euler # : 1
1
2
2
V
2 A m 2 A s
If the cavitation performance is not an issue, this number is not
of importance & may be neglected in the dynamical similarity.
ps pos H s w
pos - water surface pressure, H s is the depth of a propeller.
VA m
pm
2
VA s
2
In general, m s ,
Because 1,
ps
ps .
pm ps and pm pom H m w .
VAs
Dm vs 1
For the same Re:
,
VAm Ds vm
which is contradict to the similarity of Fr. Therefore, it is almost
impossible to satisfy the Fr & Re similarity laws simutanously.
Similar to the assumption made in model resisrtance tests, we
assume viscous force is independent of other dynamic forces.
Hence, it may be computed separately. In reality, viscous force
is usually a small portion of the total force. The smilarity of
Re is neglected in propeller model tests.
Therefore, propeller model tests follows Fr & J (advance
ratio) similarity laws. If the cavitation is relevant, then the
Euler number should be the same as well.
1) VA velo.of flow
2.) n - rotation of
motor
3.) po - pressure can
be controlled
Measure VA , Q, T,
and n.
Development
of cavitations
of a propeller
in a
cavitation
tunnel
T
Q
Trust coeff. KT
, Toeque coeff. K Q
,
2 4
2 5
n D
n D
TVA
KT J
Open - water efficient o
.
2 nQ K Q 2
Testing results
KQ
KT
VA
J
nD
VA
P
Slip ratio 1
, Pitch ratio , section types & # of blades.
nP
D