TRANSLATION

The definitions of translation

1. Translation is the replacement of textual
material in one language (SL) by equivalent
textual material in other language (TL)
(Catford, 1969:20)
2. Translation is made possible by an equivalence
of thought that lies behind its different verbal
expressions. (Savory, 1969:13)
3. Translation consists in reproducing in the
receptor language, first in terms of meaning
and secondly in terms of style (Nida, 1969:12)

 Your knowledge of grammar plays an important

role when you translate Indonesian to English.
English words with multiple meanings should be
translated only in their context.
Translate the following.
1. a heavy light blue jacket
2. offshore oil drilling
3. a fine silver antique lamp
4. Paul is fond of belling the cat.
5.Ki Dalang memainkan wayang kulit semalam
suntuk.
6. Andai Yusuf Kalla menang dalam pemilu capres, dia
tentu akan menjadi presiden Indonesia.
7. They have to make a few changes , but at least
they havent got to start again from the scratch.

TYPES AND CATAGORIES OF TRANSLATION

Catford (1969:2) divides translation into three distinctive types :
1. Full translation v.s Partial translation
2. Total v.s Restricted translation
3. Rank of translation
Full v.s Partial translation
Full translation is translation which every part of the SL text is
replaced by TL text material. E.g.
. Saya akan membeli 2 buku
= I will buy two books.
. Mereka tidak membeli apa-apa = They didnt buy anything.
While Partial translaton is translation which part of SL text is left
untranslated. E.g
. I like humberger
= Saya suka humberger.
. Orang hutan itu sejenis monyet = Orangutan is a kind of ape.

Total v.s Restricted translation

Total translation is translation which SL grammar and lexis
are replaced by equivalent TL grammar and lexis. E.g.
The child has slept
for
three hours .
Anak itu telah tidur selama tiga jam.
While in Restricted translation the replacement of SL
grammar by equivalent TL grammar but with no
replsacement of lexis, and replacement of SL lexis by
equivalent TL lexis but with no replacement of grammar. E.g.
Anak itu
telah tidur selama tiga jam.
Noun Det /Aux Verb3 /prep /
Det Noun
Anak itu
telah tidur
selama tiga
jam.
Child that / already sleep / for / three/ hour
Rank of Translation
The rank of translation can be in the form of :
Word to word translation

Phrase to phrase translation

Sentence to sentence translation

Paragraph to paragraph translation

Discourse to discourse translation
Jacobson, 1959:234 divides translation into three types :
1. Intralingual translation.
Interpretation of verbal signs by means of other signs in
the same language. E.g. Paraphrasing
2. Interlingual translation.
Interpretation of verbal signs by means of other
languages. E.g. the replacement of SL text into the
equivalent TL text.
3. Intersemiotic translation.
Interpretation of verbal signs by means of sign systems.
E.g. From verbal art into music, dance , cinema or
painting.

Savory categorizes translation into four types :

1. Perfect translation

Translation which contains purely informative

statement, such as notices which are hung in public
places. E.g. in some air terminals.
Please ensure that your baggage is correct before
leaving the air terminal.
2. Adequate translation.
Translation which is intended for entertainment
E.g. Translating novel, story etc
3. Composite translation.
Translation which is focused on the intellectual
exercises to get intellectual pleasure.
E.g. Translation of prose into prose, poetry into poetry
or vise versa.

4. Scientific and technical translation.

Translation that is needed to gain intrinsic important of the original
work.

State which of the following translations belongs to full, partial,

or total translation.
1. Bill will arrive here soon = Bill akan segera datang kemari.
2. Ibu senang makan rujak = Mother likes to eat rujak..
3. My father has worked hard = Ayah saya telah bekerja giat.
4. John akan pergi ke Surabaya besok = John will go to
Surabaya tomorrow.
Translate the following using perfect translation.
5. No trespassing
6. Dilarang masuk kecuali peserta ujian dan pengawas ujian.
7. Silahkan memeriksa jawaban anda sekali lagi.
8. Pastikan sepeda motor anda terkunci.

TRANSLATION PRINCIPLES
There are two main principles of translation :
1. Literal or faithful translation
The reasons for he advocacy for this principle are :
a. The translator never forget that he is a translator.
b. The translator is not the original writer.
c. The translator is only the interpreter.
d. The writers style could only be preserved in a
literal translation.
2. Idiomatic or free translation
The reasons for the advocacy of this principle are :
a. Literal translation is too difficult.
b. Free translation is fresh and be read with ease and
pleasure.

c. Accuracy, clearness, and precision are

difficult to achieve in literal translation.
d. The freedom to include lexical and grammatical
adjustment to obtain the meaning of the SL text as closely
as possible to the TL equivalence.
Select which one of the following statements belong
to either literal or free translation :
1. The readers who know nothing at all of the original
language.
2. The readers who are learning the language of the original.
3. The readers who knew the language in the past, but have
now forgotten almost the whole of their early knowledge.
4. The scholars who still know the language.

Translate the following sentences into

Indonesian. Use literal or free translation for its
appropriate sentence.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Janice played the piano very well at the party last night.
My wife would like to drink either squash or lemonade.
Never have I seen such a beautiful chick like her.
Trespassers will be prosecuted.
My father hunted high and low his glasses all morning.
The old beggar was so odd-looking that Lucy was a little
afraid of him.
7. A year or two ago Peter was very keen on photography,
but now he seems to have lost interest in it.
8. They told me a pack of lies, and I didnt know what to say.
9. Mary had to go to the hospital when she got her hand
caught in the revolving door.

words,
we must take into
GRAMMATICAL EQUIVALENCE
consideration the
In translating English words,
attain faithfulness and
phrases,
readability.
phrases, or sentences or in
1. persahabatan yang kekal
vise versa
abadi
grammatical equivalence in
2. sikap yang tidak ramah
order to
3. rumah yang tak berperabot
E.g. 1. everlasting friendship
4. pulau kecil yang tak
2. unfriendly attitude
berpenghuni
3. Unfurnished house
5. harapan yang tak kunjung
4. uninhabited small island
padam
5. unfailing hope
6. kamu sebaiknya
6. you ought to cut down
menguranginya
7. five naughty teenagers
7. lima anak belasan tahun
8. undeniable order
yang nakal
9. hopeful attempt
8. perintah yang tak dapat
10. endless love affairs
sangkal
9. usaha yang penuh harapan

Translate the following sentences into Indonesian or vise versa.

1. His business is on its legs

through bad management.
2. Mr. Johnson found himself in
deep water when he took
over the management of the
firm.
3. Burglars usually finish their
work before day.
4. For heavens sake, dont do
the stupid thing like this.
5. The bus stop is just a stones
throw away.
6. He cries down everything his
wife does.
7. She must be out of her mind.

7. a tiny erect figure of the maid

in her white and black uniform
8. thin horn-rimmed spectacles
9. untuk setiap aksi akan timbul
reaksi yang sepadan dan
berlawanan.
10. To be sent to battle field
11. A main function of the
secretary
12. Working in police force
13. A nice distinction of word
choice
14. a fresh employee in this
company
15. Almarhum Dr. Susilo terkenal
karena sifat sosialnya.

GRAMMATICAL ADJUSTMENT
Translation is not merely transferring words from Sl
to Tl words or in vise versa, but it has to consider
about the difference of the linguistic components
such as :
the structure or phrases
position of attributives or modifiers
morphological structure and categories
clause orders
elliptical constructions
restructuring of complex propositions
statements into kernels
other related or similar elements.

Study the following grammatical patterns :

A. Attributives
Art
.

Attributive

Noun

Noun

Attributive

something

beautiful

people

in the
dessert

smart

student

water

tower

smart young

boy

books

to read

cripple old

camel

room

available

managing

director

challenging

adventure

B. Gerund

swimming

pool

sewing

machine

written

message

stolen

jewelry

1. Gerund as
subject
Swimming
will

rotten

Fruit

spoken

language

make you
healthy
drinking

2. Gerund as
object
The man
loves

3. Gerund as complement
His job is painting houses.
4. Gerund as object of preposition
That boy is interested in climbing
mountain.
C. Tense markers

1. He writes a letter every week.

2. He is writing a letter right now.
3. He has already written a letter.
4. He wrote a letter yesterday.
5. He will write another letter
tomorrow.
6. He had already written a letter
before his friend came.
7. He was writing a letter when his
friend came.

8. By the end of this

semester he will have
written six letters to his
girl-friend.
9. By the time his friend
came, he had already
written two letters.
D. Modals
1. Her friend should be
here in a few minutes.
2. Her friend must be
here in a few minutes.
3. Our friend ought to be
here in a few minutes.
4. Her friend can be here
in a few minutes.

5. Her friend neednt be here in a

few minutes.
6. Her friend mustnt be here in
few minutes.
7. Her friend oughtnt to be here in
a few minutes.
8. Her friend may be here in a few
minutes.
9. He is smart, isnt he?
10. He didnt keep the promise,
did he?
E. Conditionals
1. If John works harder, he will
pass the exam.
2. If I lived in the village, life
would become easier.
3. If John had studied hard, he
would have gotten good
marks.

F. Verbs of wishing
1. The employer wishes to
improve the workers welfare.
2. The test advisor requested
that we not bring anything
into the hall.
3. It is essential that my license
be shown to the patrolman.
G. Subjunctives
1. John wishes that you had not
made such a mistake.
2. Mary wishes that she were a
beautiful princess.
3. The farmers usually talk to his
animals as if they were
human beings.
4. He acted as though she had
been elected as a chairman of
this firm.

H. Inversion
1. Seldom does Mr. Lea give
a assignment this semester.
2. Never have I seen such a
beautiful girl like her.
3. Not only did I see him, but
talk to him as well.
4. Only if there is a translation
test, will the students study
hard.
I. Kernel Sentence
Kernel sentence is the simplest
form of sentence in a long
simple sentence or complex
sentence.
E.g. 1. The man wearing a black
jacket and dark glasses is a
policeman.

2. The man employed for this job

caught the thief stealing a
pack of wrist watch.
3. When I entered the old house, I
saw something frightening.
Task I
A. Translate the following noun
phrases into Indonesian.
1. a growing industrial complex
2. an unidentified flying object
3. a revolving door
4. a highly motivated student
5. the implied meaning
6. an ill-tempered landlady
7. scrambled eggs
8. the unfinished ghost story

B. Translate the sentences

into Indonesian
1. Try to avoid making her
angry.
2. You have had many
opportunities of serving
your country.
3. You cant make an omelet
without breaking eggs.
4. After reading this article,
you will give up smoking.
5. Is there anything here
worth buying?
6. If I were a well known
politician, my country
wouldnt be dominated by
corruptors.
7. Only if most of the people
know the legal matters, will

8. By the time father leaves the house

for his job, mother will have finished
preparing the breakfast for him.
9. Mr. Chang talked to his students as if
he were a popular advocate.
10.The lecturer insisted that the task
not be submitted without being
carefully edited and neatly typed.
C. Translate the Indonesian
sentences into English.
1. Gadis cantik yang tinggal di
sebelah rumahku bekerja sebagai
guru TK di lembaga ini.
2. Orang tua yang berkaca mata
hitam itu berusia lebih dari satu
abad.
3. Mahasiswa bertampang menawan
yang duduk di kursi rotan itu,
mudah bergaul dengan semua
mahasiswa di kelasnya.

4. Orang yang bertugas menjaga

keamanan kampung kita selalu
tidur pada waktu pagi dan siang
hari.
5. Tanah yang di persiapkan untuk
pemukiman transmigran harus
dibebaskn dari binatang-binatang
buas.
6. Anak laki-laki itu mambaca buku
cerita yang dihadiahkan oleh
pamannya pada ulang tahunnya
yang ke sepuluh.
7. Sewaktu anak-anak sedang
bermain bola di halaman depan
rumah, orang tuanya asyik
mengobrol dengan tetangganya
sambil minum kopi.
8. Pencuri yang ditangkap polisi
bulan lalu dihadiahi hukuman 2
tahun penjara.

9. Kami sekeluarga sedang makan

malam ketika tiba-tiba lampu
padam dan adik menjerit-jerit
ketakuatan.
10. Ketika perang dunia kedua pecah,
saya baru berusia enam tahun dan
duduk di kelas satu sekolah dasar.
11. Andaikata saya melihat Kate, saya
akan mengantarkannya pulang.
12. Seandainya saya mempunyai
jabatan, dengan mudah saya akan
mendapatkan uang.
13. Seandainya saja saya mengetahui
kamu di rumah sakit, saya akan
menjengukmu lebih dulu dari pada
teman-temanmu.
14. Andaikata saya mempunyai cukup
waktu senggang saat ini, saya akan
pergi bersamamu.

LEXICAL ADJUSTMENT
AFFIXED WORDS
There are two kinds of affixation,
derivational affixation and
inflectional affixation.
A. Derivational Affixation
Affixation which derives from
one class of word to another
class of word.
Study the following words :

water watery
hope hopeless
history historical
friend friendly
beautiful beautifully
happy happiness

long
length
frank frankly
red redden
advise advice
continue
continuous
educate
education
agree agreement
Try to find the meaning of the
following prefixes and suffixes :
English prefixes
ante sebelum
antebellum
mendahului antecedent
anti bertentangan anti-American
penangkis anti-aircraft
auto
sendiri autodidact
bi dua bilingual

circum mengelilingi circumnavigation

co kerjasama cooperative
counter balasan counterblow
de penurunandegradation
penebangan deforestation
dis tidak disagree
ex mantan ex-soldier
hyper sangat hyperactive
inter antar intercultural
macro besar macrocosm
mal tidak mampu maladjustment
salah malnutrition
kegagalan malfunction
micro kecil microfilm
mini pendek miniskirt
mis salah misspell
mono satumonolingual

multibanyak multipurpose
non tidak nonalignment
post sesudah postwar
presebelumpremature
prime utamaprime mover
promendukung pro-military
re kembali rearrangement
semi setengah semitransparent
sub bagian subcommittee
transantar transliteration
English Suffixes
able readable manageable
ful beautiful
colorful

ic

economic

mathematic

ical
historical
logical
ious continuous
religious
ish
selfish
foolish
ly
friendly
economically
ship friendship
leadership
ance attendance
allowance
ation organization
internalization
dom freedom
kingdom
ee
employee
examinee
er
teacher
speaker
ness happiness
loudness
ist
scientist
economist
ism
nationalism
idealism
en
deep
deepen

B. Inflectional affixes are affixes which

are always attached to the base (stem).
E.g. work works
work worked
play playing
book books
strong stronger
strong strongest
Translate the following words or
phrases into Indonesian or vise
versa.
1.
cold bloody killer
2.
enchain
3.
fleshy
4.
endearment
5.
bottomless pit
6.
unlimited expenditure
7.
taktertundukkan
8.
penyerderhanaan yang berlebihan

Translate the following

sentences into Indonesian or
vise versa.
1. The industrial revolution has
gradually developed in Japan
since post-war time.
2. Indonesian has become selfsporting in rice under Mr.
Suhartos leadership.
3. The strikers have reached a
settlement with the
employers.
4. Every wife expect
endearments from her
husband.
5. Strict enforcement of a new
law takes time in this country.
6. Karena sembrono, dia terjatuh
ke dalam sumur yang sangat
dalam sekali.
0

7. Kami memperoleh berita itu dari

sumber yang meyakinkan.
8. Masa depan pencari kerja
nampaknya tidak begitu
menggembirakan.
9. Latar belakngnya yang tak
pantas disebut dan sekarang dia
mempunyai kesulitan
memperoleh pekerjaan.
10. Sedikit perasaan tak enak
segera muncul setelah
perceraian mereka yang
menyangkut tanggung jawab
pemeliharaan anak mereka satusatunya.
11. Karena penghasilannya yang
makin berkurang dari hari ke hari,
Amrin si tukang becak itu pulang
ke rumah dengan putus asa.

COMPOUND WORDS
Compound word is a word
consisting of two or more parts
that make up one meaningful unit.
E.g. sunflower
sun flower
bookstore
book
store
green eyed green eyed
grasshopper grass hopper
ceasefire cease fire
street-walker street walker
A. Translate the following
words into Indonesian.
1. greenroom 5. grandstand
2. bloodhound 6. wasteland
3. blackleg 7. black sheep
4. homing pigeon 8.
matchmaker

B. Translate the following words

into English.
1. rumah hantu 6. baju renang
2. pencakar langit 7. kopi pahit
3. pelabuhan bebas8. pisau lipat
4. pasar gelap 9. lintah darat
5. hari gajian 10. tongkat polisi
C. Translate the following
sentences into Indonesian or
vise versa.
1. James is an able-bodied male
who is fit for the army.
2. Dr. Smith is an absent-minded
professor who always forgets his
own birthday.
3. The navy cadets must get up
at cock-crow.

4. Stuntman is accident-proof
professional who risks his life only
for money.
5. Karen has been liquor addicted for
more than one years.
6. The Afro-Asian conference was
commemorated in Bandung last
year.
7. The news of assassination came
like a bombshell.
8. That freckle-faced man is our new
history teacher.
9. Setelah pensiun dari angkatan
kepolisian Bob menjadi penjual
keliling dari pintu kepintu.
10. Kelakuannya ketika suamiya
sedang pergi membuat
tentangganya merasa heran.
11. Pikiranmu sangat buruk stelah
kamu tidak lulus ujian.

12. Pada puncak karirnya dokter itu

berpenghasilan enam puluh ribu
dolar setahun.
13. Tuan Bronson dulu biasa berburu
di Afrika uatra.
14. Berada di bak mandi yang berisi
air panas terasa sangat enak
setelah bekerja keras.
15. Satu-satunya kegemaran adikku
adalah memasak. Tak
mengherankan dia mempunyai
banyak sekali buku masak di
rumah.
16. My friend likes to have white
coffee but I would rather have it
black.
17. A pocket-knife is more expensive
than a safety razor.
18. It is impossible for any prisoner of
war to escape from the prison due
to well-trained bloodhounds.

BLANDING, CLIPPING, AND ACRONYM

A.Blending
Blending is a fusion of two words into
one, usually the first part of one word
with the last part of the other so that
the resultant blend consists of both of
original meanings.
E.g. motel motor hotel
brunch breakfast
lunch
Kanwil kantor
wilayah
Hansip pertahanan sipil
smog smoke
fog
B. Clipping
Clipping is a process in which a word
is formed by shortening a longer
word.
E.g. lab laboratory
dorm dormitory
mag magazine

C. Acronym
Acronym is the result of forming a
word from the first letter or letters of
each word in a phrase.
E.g. CIA Central Intelligence Agency
UNO United Nation organization ILO
International Labor Organization
TNI Tentara Nasional Indonesia
DPR Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat
Identify which of the following is
blending, clipping or acronym.
1. heliport
6. stuffocated
2. ASEAN 7. prefab
3. frig 8. Kepsek
4. broasted 9. KTT
5. filmfest 10. Letkol

Give the Indonesian words

that form the blending and
then translate them into
English.
1. Jatim 14. Kades
2. Kepsek 15. Korud
3. Puskur 16. Pendam
4. Sumut 17. Kemlu
5. Irja 18. Deppen
6. Satgas 19. Japen
7. GAMA 20. Depkes
8. Kepres 21. Depertan
9. Letkol 22. Depernas
10.KODAM 23. Deperinda
11.Kanwil 24. Banas
12.Hansip 25. Korwas
13.Satpam26. Sekdes

Translate the following

sentences into Indonesian or
vise versa.
1. The president has directed the
immediate establishment of
prefab school houses for children
in flood area.
2. When I got to the subway station
the train had already left.
3. The WHO which has various
activities in the world is founded
by UNO.
4. Puskur di Jakarta mengurusi
pengembangan kurikulum untuk
pendidikan mulai dari tingkat
paling bawah hingga tingkat atas.
5. Pada kunjungan ke Jatim Kasad
memperingatkan agar kita
mawas diri terhadap bahaya
laten komunis.