LTE Training RF Design - ALU

From LTE basics to 9155 LTE RF Design
September 2009
LTE Basics
OFDM Fundamentals
2 | Presentation Title | Month 2008
All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2008, XXXXX
Basic of OFDM
Basic of OFDM
Waveform
Basic of OFDM
Sending modulation symbol in parallel
Basic of OFDM
Symbol extract
Basic of OFDM
Basic of OFDM
Orthogonality lost
Basic of OFDM
Doppler & frequency offset effects
Basic of OFDM
Multi-path effect
Basic of OFDM
Multi-path effect
Basic of OFDM
CP length
Basic of OFDM
OFDM scalable
Basic of OFDM
Full Tx/Rx chain
LTE Basics
DOWNLINK STRUCTURE
DL Physical Channels
DL Channels Mapping
LTE Downlink: Frame Format, Channel Structure &

Terminology
LTE Downlink: Number of Resource Blocks & Numerology
Downlink common Reference Signal structure
Reference signal symbol distribution sequence over 12 subcarriers x 14 OFDM

symbols.
The Reference signal sequence is correlated to Cell ID.
Downlink common Reference Signal structure per number of

antenna port
PBCH, SCH Time and frequency location
Basic of cell search
Primary BCH & Dynamic BCH
Primary BCH & Dynamic BCH
PCFICH & PHICH
PDCCH
PDCCH: DCI formats carried

DCI includes resource assignments and other control information
Downlink Shared Channel (DL-SCH)
DL Power settings
PDCCH
PBCH
Based o the simus done by R&D and also on first trials results the DL power
settings is detailed in the slides below
DL Power settings
LA 0.x
DL Power settings
LA 1.0 RRH 30W
DL Power settings
LA 1.0 RRH 40W
LTE Basics
UPLINK STRUCTURE
UL Physical Channels
UL Channels Mapping
SC-FDMA principle
SC-FDMA principle
SC-FDMA Tx/Rx chain
LTE Uplink: Number of Resource Blocks & Numerology
Demodulation Reference Signal & Sounding Reference Signal
Demodulation Reference Signal & Sounding Reference Signal
PUCCH
PUCCH
PUCCH
PRACH
Radom Access procedures
LTE Basics
UL Power Control
IoT Control Mechanism (Inter-cell Power Control)

Setting of Target_SINR_dB determines the IoT operating point
Especially in a reuse-1 deployment, it is critical to manage the uplink interference level
In LTE, e-NBs can send uplink overload indications to neighbor e-NBs via the X2 interface
Power control parameters (i.e. Target SINR) can be adapted based on overload
indicators
Allows control of the IoT level to ensure coverage and system stability
Overload indicator
(X-2 interface)
PC params
PC params
Measure
Interference, emit
overload indicator
interference
Based on overload
indicator from
neighbor cell,
adapt PC params
Fractional Power Control
While using the same target SINR for each user results in very
good fairness (as far as power allocation is concerned), it also
results in poor spectral efficiency
An improved power control scheme called Fractional Power
Control adjusts the target SINR in relation to the UEs path loss to
its serving sector
UE_TxPSD_dBm = x PL_dB + Nominal_Target_SINR_dB +
UL_Interference_dBm
is called the fractional compensation factor, and is sent via cell broadcast; 0 <
<1
Target_SINR_dB = Nominal_Target_SINR_dB
- (1-) x PL_dB
Target SINR increases with decreasing path loss
Flexible trade-off between cell edge rate and average
spectral efficiency
Target
SINR
Improved Power Control Based on Neighbor Cell Path Loss
Path loss to the serving cell is not indicative of the amount of

interference a user will generate to neighboring sectors
An improved power control scheme adjusts the target SINR in
relation to PL_dB = PL_strongestNeighborCell_dB
PL_servingCell_dB
UE_TxPSD_dBm = PL_dB + Nominal_Target_SINR_dB + (1-) x PL_dB +
UL_Interference_dBm
(1-) x PL_dB is sent to each UE via higher layer (RRC) signaling
Target_SINR_dB = Nominal_Target_SINR_dB
+ (1-) x PL_dB
Target SINR increases with increasing radio

position
Target SINR
LTE Basics
Scheduler
Scheduler
UL Scheduling mechanism
DL Scheduling mechanism
Channel Quality Indicator, Pre-coding Matrix Indicator, Rank

Indicator
Scheduler weighted proportional fair
Scheduler proportional fair principles
Frequency Non-Selective Scheme
Single priority metric formed and used in

the first stage of the MPE algorithm
Then MPE algorithm continues as in FSS
scheme
The SRS SYNC SINR is a scalar quantity per user that is formed by averaging the SRS SINR across PRBs
and then filtered in time; used to form a single priority metric, which is replicated and used for all PRBs
To support a large number of UEs, the SRS period needs to be reduced given the multiplexing capabilities (max of 8
UEs per SRS transmission per frequency comb)
The regular MPE algorithm as in the FSS algorithm is then utilized, which minimizes testing/verification
to just the new code introduced
Currently also investigating an intermediate solution where the resolution of the frequency selective
scheduler is reduced by a certain factor in order to retain some frequency selectivenessin the
scheduling while reducing complexity (study in progress)
Frequency Re-use strategies

Frequency re-use1
Fractional Frequency re-use
Frequency Re-use strategies

Soft Frequency re-use or
dynamic frequency re-use
LTE Basics
Link adaptation
DL MCS table
UL MCS table
LTE Basics
Multi Antenna Technology Roadmap
MIMO Configuration
Antennas Configuration
Antennas Configuration
Spatial Multiplexing
LA1.0 Scheme supported
Scheme supported after LA1.0
LTE Link Budgets

Uplink Link Budget Considerations
Uplink Link Budget

Main Principles
Link Budget is performed for one mobile located at cell edge (for each service)
transmitting at max power
The IoT (Interference over Thermal Noise) experienced by this user on the UL
depends on the frequency reuse scheme and the service data rate and
corresponding SINR that is guaranteed for cell edge users
UPLINK Analysis is
an MAPL analysis
MAPL
Max UE transmit Power
Required Received Signal
cell radius
Uplink Link Budget

Main Principles
UL link budget elaborated for user of service k at cell edge transmitting at maximum power
Uplink Path
Transmit
Power
UE Transmit
power
(23dBm)
Losses and
Margins
Feeder losses
Penetration Loss
(outdoor/indoor)
Shadowing Margin
Gains
eNode-B
Antenna Gain
UE Antenna
Gain
Receiver
Sensitivity
Derived from
SINR
performances
Handoff Gain
Body Loss
Interference
Interference
Margin
= MAPL
Maximum
Allowable
Path Loss
Uplink Link Budget

Rationale Behind LKB Formulation
UL Rates
128kbps
256kbps
512kbps
RangeUL_Guar_Serv
Link budgets are formulated for one service that is to be guaranteed at cell edge
(RangeUL_Guar_Serv)
For more limiting service rates link budgets are formulated under the assumption
they are not guaranteed at cell edge but at a reduced coverage footprint
Uplink Link Budget

Example for one service
Dense Urban (2.6GHz)

Required Data Rate
No. Resource Blocks Required
MCS
Used Bandwidth
Target C/I
eNode-B Noise Figure
eNode-B Sensitivity
Antenna Gain
Cable & Connector Losses
Body Losses
Additional UL Losses
Cell area coverage probability
Overall standard deviation
Shadowing Margin
Handoff Gain
Fast Fading Margin
Penetration Margin
Fixed IoT
UE Antenna Gain
UE Max Transmit Power
MAPL
UL Cell Range
PS 128
128 kbps
3 RB
MCS 8
540 kHz
-3.0 dB
2.5 dB
-117.2 dBm
18.0 dBi
0.5 dB
0 dB
0 dB
95%
8.0 dB
8.6 dB
3.6 dB
0 dB
21 dB
3.0 dB
0 dBi
23.0 dBm
128.7 dB
0.46 km
No. Resource Blocks to Reach Data

Rate
Optimal Modulation & Coding Scheme
(MCS)
Signal to Interference Ratio per
Resource Block
Noise Figure of the eNode-B is supplier
dependent
Based on SINR, Noise Figure, Thermal
Noise, Bandwidth Used
Uplink Link Budget

Receiver Sensitivity
eNode-B Receiver Sensitivity

Minimum required signal level to reach a given quality (SINR target)
when facing only thermal noise
SensitivitydBm
= SINRdB + 10.log10(F.Nth.NRB.WRB)
Where:
F: eNode-B Noise figure in dB
Service
dependent
Nth: Thermal noise density, 10log(Nth) =-174 dBm/Hz

SINRdB: Signal to Interference ratio per Resource Block
NRB: Number of resource blocks (RB) required to reach a given data rate
WRB: Bandwidth of one Resource Block
One Resource Block is composed of 12 subcarriers, each of a 15kHz
bandwidth so W RB = 180kHz.\
Uplink Link Budget

SINR Performances - Overview
SINR Target depends on:

eNode-B equipment performance
Radio conditions (multipath fading profile, mobile speed)
Receive diversity (2-way by default or optional 4-way)
Targeted data rate and quality of service
The Modulation and Coding Scheme (MCS)
Max allowed number of HARQ transmissions (Maximum of 4 on UL)
HARQ Operating Point 1% Post HARQ BLER target considered by default
Derived from link level simulations or better by equipment measurements (lab or
on-field measurements)
Uplink Link Budget

SINR Performances - Channel Model
In reality, a mix of multipath conditions exist across a typical cell

For coverage assessment, the worst case model should be considered
ITU VehA multipath channel model are considered a good compromise
For LTE some evolved multipath channel models have been defined such as
EVA5Hz or EPA5Hz
These are an extension of the VehA and PedA models used in UMTS to make
them more suitable for the wider bandwidths encountered with LTE, e.g. >5MHz
Main difference lies in the definition of a Doppler frequency instead of a speed,
making the model useable for different frequency bands
All SINR performances used in the link budget are for all EVehA3 and EVehA50
channel models
Uplink Link Budget

SINR Performances - Link Level Results for 10MHz Bandwidth (50 RB)
Uplink Link Budget

SINR Performances - Selection of Optimal SINR Figures
There are a number of possible solutions that can be used to provide a given
throughput solutions comprise a combination of:
Modulation & Coding Scheme (MCS)
Number of Resource Blocks (RB)
Optimization Objective:
Select # RBs and MCS so as to maximize the receiver sensitivity and thus the
link budget
While at the same time respecting the selected HARQ operating point (1% post
HARQ BLER objective)
Uplink Link Budget

SINR Performances - Summary for UL 10MHz Bandwidth (1x2 RxDiv)
Performance figures for typical UL link budget rates

Number of RBs
SINR (include margins)
MCS, TBS and # HARQ Transmissions
Service
VoIP
PS 64
PS 128
PS 256
PS 384
PS 512
PS 768
Bit Rate
12.2
64
128
256
384
512
768
1000
2000
MCS
10
10
10
10
10
10
TBS
328
176
392
872
1384
1736
2792
3496
6968
QPSK
QPSK
QPSK
QPSK
QPSK
QPSK
QPSK
QPSK
QPSK
Post HARQ BLER
1%
1%
1%
1%
1%
1%
1%
1%
1%
Required # of RB
10
16
20
40
-3.6 dB
-3.0 dB
-2.4 dB
-2.9 dB
-3.1 dB
-3.4 dB
-2.9 dB
-3.3 dB
Modulation
SINR (EVehA 3km/h) -3.7 dB
PS 1000 PS 2000
Rx Sensitivity -123 dBm -120 dBm -117 dBm -114 dBm -113 dBm -112 dBm -110 dBm -109 dBm -106 dBm
Uplink Link Budget

SINR Peformances - MCS and TBS Tables
Some Background Info

Modulation & Coding Scheme (MCS)
This determines the Modulation Order which in turn determines the TBS Index
Number of Resource Blocks

For a given MCS the Transport Block Size (TBS) is given different numbers of resource
blocks
TBS Table
MCS Table
NPRB
MCS Index,
IMCS
Modulation
Order, QM
TBS Index,
ITBS
0
1
2
3
QPSK
QPSK
QPSK
QPSK
QPSK
0
1
2
3
4
ITBS
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
16
24
32
40
56
72
328
104
2
32
56
72
104
120
144
176
224
3
56
88
144
176
208
224
256
328
4
88
144
176
208
256
328
392
472
120
176
208
256
328
424
504
584
Uplink Link Budget

Implementation Margins
SINR performances from link level simulations assume ideal scheduling and link
adaptation reality will not be as good
For example in the downlink, we consider: Error free CQI feedback, Perfect PDCCH-PCFICH
decoding, CQI feedback rate 1/20ms, etc.
To account for such ideal assumptions there are currently two key elements to the
margins incorporated into in SINR performances used in UL budgets today:
Implementation margin to account for the assumptions implicit in the link level
simulations used to derive the SINR performances
Currently considered to be ~1dB
No variability is assumed for different environments or UE mobility conditions
Will be tuned based on SINR measurements (not yet performed)
ACK/NACK margin to account for the puncturing of ACK/NACK onto the PUSCH
A 1dB margin is applied for VoIP services and 0.5dB for higher data throughputs
Uplink Link Budget

Consideration of Explicit Diversity Gains
The SINR performance figures considered by Alcatel-Lucent in UL and DL link

budgets are based on link level simulations that already account for the
corresponding transmit and receive diversity gains, i.e.
UL: default 1x2 Rx Diversity
2RxDiv gain accounted for in the SINR figures
To account for 4RxDiv on the UL an additional 2-3dB gain is considered on the 2RxDiv
SINR figures
DL: default 2x2 Tx Diversity

SFBC pre-coding gains + 2RxDiv gain at the UE are accounted for in the SINR figures
Note that an additional power combining gain is considered at the transmit side, i.e.
for a 2 x 40W TxDiv configuration a 80W transmit power is applied in DL link budgets
INTERNAL NOTE Noise Figure

The Noise Figure of the eNode-B is supplier dependent
Typically the Noise Figures of e-NodeBs range between 2 to 3dB
Typical RRH Noise Figures for ALU product (June 2009)
RRH Type
RRH2x (lower 700)
900
MC-TRX (1800)
MC-RRH (1800)
AWS
RRH2x (2600)
TRDU (2600)
Typical Noise Figure

2.2dB
TBD - 2.5dB (assumed)
3 dB
2.5 dB
TBD 2.5dB (assumed)
2.6 dB
2.6 dB
Uplink Link Budget

Exercise
Compute eNode-B sensitivity in VehA 3km/h

for VoIP 12.2kbps @ 1% Post-HARQ BLER
For PS 384kbps @ 1% Post-HARQ BLER
Alcatel-Lucent equipment:
Typical eNode-B Noise Figure: 2.5dB
SINR figures: -3.7 dB for VoIP 12.2, -3.3dB for PS384
ANSWER: Sensitivity: -122.6 dBm for speech, -113.2 dBm for PS384
Uplink Link Budget


Required Data Rate
MCS
Used Bandwidth
Target C/I
eNode-B Sensitivity
Antenna Gain
Body Losses
Shadowing Margin
Handoff Gain
Fast Fading Margin
Penetration Margin
Fixed IoT
UE Antenna Gain
MAPL
UL Cell Range
PS 128
128 kbps
3 RB
MCS 8
540 kHz
-3.0 dB
2.5 dB
-117.2 dBm
18.0 dBi
0.5 dB
0 dB
0 dB
95%
8.0 dB
8.6 dB
3.6 dB
0 dB
21 dB
3.0 dB
0 dBi
23.0 dBm
128.7 dB
0.46 km
Typical gain of Tri-sectored antenna,

depends on frequency band
Depends on feeder type, length and
frequency band
3dB body loss when speech usage (UE near
head), 0dB body loss when data usage
0dBi by default
Depends on UE Power Class
Uplink Link Budget

UE Characteristics
LTE UE Max Transmit Power

Depends on the power class of the UE
Only one power class is defined in 3GPP TS 36.101: 23dBm output power is considered
with a 0 dBi antenna gain; 2dB tolerance in the standard
WCDMA UE Max Transmit Power
Multiple power classes were defined in 3GPP TS 25.101, the most prevalent WCDMA UEs
today are considered to be class 3 (24dBm +1/-3dB)
The corresponding tolerance ranges for both WCDMA and LTE terminals are in fact the
same:
4dB range 21-25dBm
While the nominal Tx powers differ by 1dB
Currently consider 23dBm in UL LTE link budgets
Uplink Link Budget


Required Data Rate
MCS
Used Bandwidth
Target C/I
eNode-B Sensitivity
Antenna Gain
Body Losses
Shadowing Margin
Handoff Gain
Fast Fading Margin
Penetration Margin
Fixed IoT
UE Antenna Gain
MAPL
UL Cell Range
PS 128
128 kbps
3 RB
MCS 8
540 kHz
-3.0 dB
2.5 dB
-117.2 dBm
18.0 dBi
0.5 dB
0 dB
0 dB
95%
8.0 dB
8.6 dB
3.6 dB
0 dB
21 dB
3.0 dB
0 dBi
23.0 dBm
128.7 dB
0.46 km
Shadowing margin due to shadowing

standard deviation
Handoff gain
Depends on depth of coverage (e.g. deep
indoor, indoor daylight, outdoor). Also
accounts for the indoor shadowing margin
Uplink Link Budget

Shadowing Margin
Shadowing Margin:
Slow fading signal level variations due to obstacles
Modelled (in dB) as a Gaussian variable with zero-mean and standard deviation
depending on the environment, typically 6 to 8dB
The shadowing standard deviation can include the variability associated with the
indoor penetration. However, it is recommended to consider this as part of the
penetration margin
Impact on link budget :
Take a margin to ensure the received signal is well received (above required
sensitivity) with a given probability
Typically 95% in Dense Urban, Urban and Suburban and 90% in Rural
Computation as for UMTS and CDMA.
Uplink Link Budget

Handoff Gain
Unlike UMTS/WCDMA or CDMA, there is no soft-handoff functionality for LTE
No soft-handoff gain considered for LTE
Far too pessimistic to only consider the shadowing margin computed with one cell unless
considering an isolated cell
A mobile at the cell edge can still handover to a neighbor cell with more favorable
shadowing, i.e. a lower path loss consider a Handoff Gain (or best server selection
gain)
Reference article: Analysis of fade margins for soft and hard handoffs, Rege, K.M.;
Nanda, S.; Weaver, C.F.; Peng, W.-C., PIMRC 95
INTERNAL NOTE: This hard handoff gain can be considered for any system without soft handoff. So
this is the case for GSM. However no gain is typically applied in GSM. For LTE the sampling frequency
for handoff decisions as well as the handoff speed itself is much faster than GSM this leads to an
LTE handoff gain not much less than that considered for WCDMA.
Uplink Link Budget

Handoff Gain - Example
Antenna Height
30 m
K2 Propagation Model
35.2
Shadowing Correlation
0.5
Hysteresis
2 dB
HO sampling time
# of samples to decide HO
20 msec
4 samples
Correlation distance
50 m
Cell Range
100%
Typical for Suburban

Incar & Rural
Typical for Dense Urban,

Urban and Suburban Indoor
Shadowing Standard Deviation
6 dB
6 dB
7 dB
7 dB
8 dB
8 dB
10 dB
10 dB
Cell Area Coverage Probability
90%
95%
90%
95%
90%
95%
90%
95%
Cell Edge Coverage Probability
71%
84%
73%
85%
75%
86%
78%
88%
Handoff Hysteresis
2 dB
2 dB
2 dB
2 dB
2 dB
2 dB
2 dB
2 dB
Shadowing Margin (no SHO gain)
3.3 dB
5.9 dB
4.3 dB
7.2 dB
5.4 dB
8.7 dB
7.7 dB
11.7 dB
SHO Gain
2.7 dB
2.8 dB
3.1 dB
3.4 dB
3.6 dB
3.9 dB
4.7 dB
5.0 dB
3 km/h - HHO Gain
2.3 dB
2.5 dB
2.8 dB
3.1 dB
3.4 dB
3.6 dB
4.4 dB
4.8 dB
50 km/h - HHO Gain
2.1 dB
2.2 dB
2.6 dB
2.8 dB
3.1 dB
3.3 dB
4.1 dB
4.4 dB
100 km/h - HHO Gain
2.0 dB
2.0 dB
2.4 dB
2.6 dB
2.8 dB
3.0 dB
3.7 dB
4.0 dB
Reference article: Analysis of fade margins for soft and hard handoffs, Rege,
K.M.; Nanda, S.; Weaver, C.F.; Peng, W.-C., PIMRC 95
Uplink Link Budget

Handoff Gain - Example
Note that the full Handoff Gain is only applicable for UEs located at the cell
edge where we consider one rate guaranteed at the cell edge and others
guaranteed within that coverage footprint, the other services will not take
benefit of the full handoff gain
128kbps 256kbps 512kbps
UL Rates
Dense Urban, Sigma = 8dB, 95% coverage reliability, 3km/h mobility

Uplink Link Budget

Penetration Margin
The penetration losses characterize the level of indoor coverage targeted by the
operator (deep indoor, indoor daylight, window, incar, outdoor, etc)
Highly dependent on the wall materials and number of walls/windows to be
penetrated
It is recommended to consider the penetration margin as a single worst case
margin as the shadowing standard deviation doesnt include the indoor
penetration variability
Typical Penetration Losses at 2GHz
Environment
Penetration Margin (dB)
Dense Urban Deep Indoor
20
Urban - Indoor
17
Suburban - Indoor
14
Rural Incar
INTERNAL NOTE Penetration Losses

For 700/850/900MHz, lower penetration losses can be considered
Note that the frequency dependency of the penetration losses is very materialdependent
Typically, we can assume 2dB lower penetration margins compared to those at
2GHz
For 2.6GHz, higher penetration losses could be considered
Note that the frequency dependency of the penetration losses is very materialdependent
Typically, we can assume 2dB higher penetration margins compared to those at
2GHz
Uplink Link Budget


Required Data Rate
MCS
Used Bandwidth
Target C/I
eNode-B Sensitivity
Antenna Gain
Body Losses
Shadowing Margin
Handoff Gain
Fast Fading Margin
Penetration Margin
Fixed IoT
UE Antenna Gain
MAPL
UL Cell Range
PS 128
128 kbps
3 RB
MCS 8
540 kHz
-3.0 dB
2.5 dB
-117.2 dBm
18.0 dBi
0.5 dB
0 dB
0 dB
95%
8.0 dB
8.6 dB
3.6 dB
0 dB
21 dB
3.0 dB
0 dBi
23.0 dBm
128.7 dB
0.46 km
This sensitivity is calculated for noise only.

A margin must be considered for the
interference above noise: Interference
Margin
Interference Margin or IoT
Uplink Link Budget

Interference Margin
Sensitivity figures typical consider only thermal noise, the real interference, I j,
must also be considered (not only the thermal noise)
Received Power, C jdBm Sensitivity dBm InterferenceMargindB

InterferenceMargindB
Ij
10log
Nth W
Interference margin or IoT (Interference over Thermal Noise)

A reuse of 1 is typical (option to use schemes such as soft fractional reuse or
interference coordination)
The IoT operating point can be set to achieve a minimum data rate at cell edge
and/or to match incumbent technology coverage
Uplink Link Budget

WCDMA Noise Rise - Whats Different Between LTE and WCDMA?
By definition, Cell Load and Total Interference rise (Noise Rise) are linked:
itot_ dB 10 log total 10 log 1 xUL

N oW
Differences with LTE

Interference from adjacent cells only
for LTE (no intracell interference)
Max WCDMA cell load is dependent
on power control stability
No concept of cell load for LTE
Noise Rise (dB)
where Itotal is the total received power at the node B (including the useful
signal)
30
25
20
15
50% cell load

3dB Noise Rise
10
5
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Cell Load (%)
80
90
100
LTE IoT
What Determines the IoT for LTE?
The average IoT is dependent upon the targeted cell edge data rate (SINR)
The higher the cell edge SINR target, the higher the average IoT
Ultimately there is a point at which the increased IoT can not be sustained
with the corresponding SINR
Based on system level simulations:
LTE IoT
For LTE the IoT can be expressed as:

IoT = 1 / (1 - RBLoad x FAvg x TSINR)
Where
RBLoad = Average % loading of the resource blocks of adjacent cells
Under full loading this can be considered to be 100%
FAvg = The average ratio between extracell interference and useful signal
received at the eNode-B
Based on system level simulations the typical value of FAvg for UL fractional power
control is ~0.8 this is quite comparable to that used for WCDMA
TSINR = SINR target at the cell edge
LTE IoT
The IoT for Targeted LTE Cell Edge Rates?
IoT for 100% RB Loading Ranges from 2-3dB for fractional

power control consider 3dB by default in LTE Link Budget
Uplink Link Budget

The average IoT is dependent upon the targeted cell edge data rate (SINR)
The higher the cell edge SINR target, the higher the average IoT
Based on system level
simulations:
Omni and Directional UE
antennas
SINRs resulting in an IoT
> 5-6dB is not considered
reasonable
Realistic Cell Edge SINR
Operating Range
Uplink Link Budget

Overall MAPL & Cell Range
Overall MAPL for a given service:
MAPL jdB PMaxTX dBm TxgaindB Txloss dB RxgaindB Rxloss dB Bodyloss dB

Penetratio ndB Sensitivity dBm InterferenceMargindB
ShadowingMargindB HOGaindB
Transmit Power
Max UE transmit Power

Maximum Allowable
Pathloss
Losses
and Margins
Gains
Interference margin
extra cell interference
Gains - Losses- Margins

Reference Sensitivity
cell radius
Reference
Sensitivity
Interference
= MAPL
Uplink Link Budget
MAPL dB Min
Example for Multiple Services
VoIP
MAPL K
jdB
K 2log R cell
PS 64
PS 128
PS 256
PS 384
PS 512
PS 768
PS 1000
PS 2000
64 kbps
128 kbps
256 kbps
384 kbps
512 kbps
768 kbps
1000 kbps
2000 kbps
1 RB
2 RB
3 RB
5 RB
8 RB
10 RB
16 RB
20 RB
40 RB
MCS 6
MCS 6
MCS 8
MCS 10
MCS 10
MCS 10
MCS 10
MCS 10
MCS 10
Used Bandwidth
180 kHz
360 kHz
540 kHz
900 kHz
1440 kHz
1800 kHz
2880 kHz
3600 kHz
7200 kHz
Target C/I
-3.7 dB
-3.6 dB
-3.0 dB
-2.4 dB
-2.9 dB
-3.1 dB
-3.4 dB
-2.9 dB
-3.3 dB
2.5 dB
2.5 dB
2.5 dB
2.5 dB
2.5 dB
2.5 dB
2.5 dB
2.5 dB
2.5 dB
Required Data Rate 12.2 kbps

MCS
eNode-B Sensitivity -122.7 dBm -119.6 dBm -117.2 dBm -114.4 dBm -112.9 dBm -112.1 dBm -110.3 dBm -108.8 dBm -106.2 dBm
Antenna Gain
18.0 dBi
18.0 dBi
18.0 dBi
18.0 dBi
18.0 dBi
18.0 dBi
18.0 dBi
18.0 dBi
18.0 dBi
0.5 dB
0.5 dB
0.5 dB
0.5 dB
0.5 dB
0.5 dB
0.5 dB
0.5 dB
0.5 dB
Body Losses
3 dB
0 dB
0 dB
0 dB
0 dB
0 dB
0 dB
0 dB
0 dB
0 dB
0 dB
0 dB
0 dB
0 dB
0 dB
0 dB
0 dB
0 dB
95%
95%
95%
95%
95%
95%
95%
95%
95%
8.0 dB
8.0 dB
8.0 dB
8.0 dB
8.0 dB
8.0 dB
8.0 dB
8.0 dB
8.0 dB
Shadowing Margin
8.6 dB
8.6 dB
8.6 dB
8.6 dB
8.6 dB
8.6 dB
8.6 dB
8.6 dB
8.6 dB
Handoff Gain
3.6 dB
3.6 dB
3.6 dB
3.0 dB
2.4 dB
2.0 dB
1.5 dB
1.1 dB
0.5 dB
Fast Fading Margin
0 dB
0 dB
0 dB
0 dB
0 dB
0 dB
0 dB
0 dB
0 dB
Penetration Margin
21 dB
21 dB
21 dB
21 dB
21 dB
21 dB
21 dB
21 dB
21 dB
Fixed IoT
3.0 dB
3.0 dB
3.0 dB
3.0 dB
3.0 dB
3.0 dB
3.0 dB
3.0 dB
3.0 dB
0 dBi
0 dBi
0 dBi
0 dBi
0 dBi
0 dBi
0 dBi
0 dBi
0 dBi
23 dBm
23 dBm
23 dBm
23 dBm
23 dBm
23 dBm
23 dBm
23 dBm
23 dBm
131.1 dB
128.7 dB
125.3 dB
123.1 dB
122.0 dB
119.7 dB
117.8 dB
114.5 dB
0.53 km
0.46 km
0.37 km
0.32 km
0.30 km
0.25 km
0.23 km
0.18 km
UE Antenna Gain
MAPL 131.2 dB
UL Cell Range
0.53 km
Uplink Link Budget

Fractional Power Control Handling in LKB (4/4)
Respecting the SINR slope (dictated by the fractional power control parameters)
means for services requiring very high SINR values that:
Substantial reductions in allowable UE transmit power are required
The corresponding impact on the link budget is substantial
Uplink Link Budget

Propagation Models
For 700, 850 or 900 MHz - Okumura-Hata:

K1 = 69.55 + 26.16 x log10(FMHz) - 13.82 x log10(Hb) - a(Hm) + Kc
a(Hm) = (1.1 x log10(FMHz) - 0.7) x Hm - (1.56 x log10(FMHz) - 0.8) medium-sized city
K2 = 44.9 -6.55*log10(Hb)
For AWS, 1.9GHz or 2.1GHz - COST-231 Hata:
K1 = 46.3 + 33.9 x log10(FMHz) - 13.82 x log10(Hb) - a(Hm) + Kc
K2 = 44.9 - 6.55 x log10(Hb)
For 2.6GHz - modified COST-231 Hata:
as COST-231 Hata is limited to 1.5GHz to 2GHz
Based on measurements at higher frequencies (2.5GHz & 3.5GHz):

K1 = 46.3 + 33.9 x log10(2000) + 20 x log10(FMHz/2000) - 13.82 x log10(Hb) - a(Hm) + Kc
K2 = 44.9 - 6.55 x log10(Hb)
Uplink Link Budget

Impact of TMA (1/3)
Tower Mounted Amplifier (TMA) also called

Mast Head Amplifier (MHA)
Antenna
Vertical
Polarisation
Jumper
Cable
Impact on link budget
Dual TMA
Slightly Reduce the global Noise

Figure
Compensate the cable losses
Duplexer
LNA
Duplexer
0.4dB DL insertion losses
Duplexer
Feeder
LNA
Duplexer
Jumper
Cable
TX / RX
Usage recommended for UL

coverage-limited scenarios
eNode-B
TXdiv / RXdiv
Tower Mounted Amplifier

Impact of TMA (2/3)
Friis formula to compute the overall

noise figure of the receiver chain
with TMA:
noverall n TMA
nelement
nfeeder 1 nNode B 1
g TMA
g TMA g feeder
NFelement
10 10
With
g element
Gelement
10 10
and
Where NFfeeder =-Gfeeder =Feeder

Losses
Typical TMA characteristics:
NFTMA =2 dB
GTMA =12 dB
DL Insertion losses = 0.4dB
Typical gain on uplink link budget

(Macro site):
2.9dB gain for sites with 3dB cable
losses
3.7 dB gain for sites with 4dB cable
losses
Typical gain on uplink link budget (RRH
site):
0.3dB gain for sites with 0.6dB cable
losses
Note: TMA should not be considered
for RRH sites
Tower Mounted Amplifier

Impact of TMA (3/3)

Required Data Rate
MCS
Used Bandwidth
Target C/I
eNode-B Sensitivity
Antenna Gain
Body Losses
Shadowing Margin
Handoff Gain
Fast Fading Margin
Penetration Margin
Fixed IoT
UE Antenna Gain
MAPL
UL Cell Range
PS 128 (no TMA)
PS 128 (TMA)
128 kbps
3 RB
MCS 8
540 kHz
-3.0 dB
2.5 dB
-117.2 dBm
18.0 dBi
3.0 dB
0 dB
0 dB
95%
8.0 dB
8.6 dB
3.6 dB
0 dB
21 dB
3.0 dB
0 dBi
23.0 dBm
126.2 dB
0.39 km
128 kbps
3 RB
MCS 8
540 kHz
-3.0 dB
2.4 dB
-117.3 dBm
18.0 dBi
0.2 dB
0 dB
0 dB
95%
8.0 dB
8.6 dB
3.6 dB
0 dB
21 dB
3.0 dB
0 dBi
23.0 dBm
129.1 dB
0.47 km
Reduced Noise figure

(based on Friis formula)
No cable losses but 0.2dB
jumper losses
Around 2.9dB gain on MAPL for

sites with 3dB cable losses
Common & Control Channel Considerations

Overview
There are two main common and control channel considerations that should be
assessed for an LTE network design to ensure that they will not limit the
coverage. These include:
INTERNAL NOTE Attach Procedure
ACK/NACK Transmission
Either punctured onto the Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH)
Or over the Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH)
INTERNAL NOTE Common & Control Channel Considerations

Attach Procedure
This is the procedure that the UE must go through to Attach to an LTE network
Limiting
Message

Attach Procedure
From a link budget perspective the limiting message from messages 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,

15 and 16 (that involve the air interface) must be considered to assess any link
budget constraints

Attach Procedure
Message 3 (RRC Connection Request)

1 resource block with QPSK rate 1/3 providing an average effective data rate
of 20.8 kbps (after 5 HARQ transmissions)
SINR requirement = 0.7dB
(including margins)
UL link budget
Dense Urban
2.6GHz band
Attach LKB Can be Limiting

Depending on Cell Edge Rate
Target
Common & Control Channel Considerations

ACK/NACK Transmission
DL transmission requires a steady stream of ACK transmissions over the UL to

acknowledge the DL packets
Correct ACK reception is
critical for optimizing the DL
efficiency
ALU punctures ACK over the
PUSCH initially and over the
PUCCH in the longer term
ACK/NACK Transmission:
1 RB, QPSK, SINR -3.4dB
(PUSCH) & -4.2dB (PUCCH)
UL LKB for Urban, 2.6GHz band
ACK Is Never Foreseen to Limit UL Coverage
LTE Link Budgets

Downlink Link Budget Considerations
Downlink Link Budget

Rationale Behind Downlink LKB Formulation (1/3)
1. DL Cell range defined by UL cell edge service link budget

2. DL throughputs computed for coverage probabilities associated with each
corresponding UL service
3. Geometry distribution used for determining the cell edge throughput

UL Rates
128kbps (3RB) - guaranteed at cell edge
256kbps (5RB)
512kbps (10RB)
RangeUL_Guar_Serv
8623kbps (50RB)
3921kbps (50RB)
1323kbps (50RB)
DL Rates
The above example illustrates the detailed DL Link Budget on the subsequent slides
Urban morphology, indoor 0dBi omni UE configuration, cell range fixed for UL 128kbps, 100%
adjacent cell DL RB Loading, No TMA
Note: The diagram is not to scale and doesnt include all rates

Uniform power per RB is assumed on the DL

DL performances extracted from link level simulations
The optimal MCS is selected for given number of RB to maximize throughput while
ensuring a 20% initial BLER
Only TxDiv is assumed for referenced DL link level simulations

As the DL link budget is focusing on cell edge performances it is considered that the
rank and geometry are insufficient to justify Spatial Multiplexing (SM)
Where a relatively low rate is guaranteed on the UL at cell edge, e.g. 512kbps) the
relative UL cell ranges for the high UL rates will be very small and thus the
corresponding DL SINRs will be relatively high due to the reduced coverage reliability
in such cases there is some justification for consideration SM performances (not yet
incorporated here)
Downlink Budget
Example: 10MHz BW
No. Resource Blocks
Used Bandwidth
UE Noise Figure
eNode-B Antenna Gain
Body Loss
Penetration Margin
Limiting UL Cell Range
# DL Tx Paths
Total DL eNode-B Tx Power / Path
% DL Power for PDSCH
Max eNode-B Tx Power / Service
UE Antenna Gain
Adjacent Cell Loading
UL Service Cell Range
DL Path Loss @ UL Cell Edge
Total DL Losses @ UL Cell Edge
DL Cell Area Coverage Probability
Geometry at UL Service Cell Range
Desired Signal
Adjacent Cell Signal
Noise
Cell Edge SINR
Optimal MCS
Data Rate at UL Service Cell Edge
PS 128
PS 256
50 RB
9000 kHz
7 dB
18 dBi
0.5 dB
0 dB
21 dB
0.46 km
2 paths
30 W
80%
46.8 dBm
0 dBi
100%
0.46 km
129.1 dB
150.6 dB
95%
-4.9 dB
-85.8 dBm
-80.9 dBm
-97.5 dBm
-5.0 dB
MCS 2
1323 kbps
50 RB
9000 kHz
7 dB
18 dBi
0.5 dB
0 dB
21 dB
0.46 km
2 paths
30 W
80%
46.8 dBm
0 dBi
100%
0.37 km
125.7 dB
147.2 dB
61%
-0.1 dB
-82.3 dBm
-82.2 dBm
-97.5 dBm
-0.2 dB
MCS 7
3921 kbps
Equivalent UL Service
Cell Range for Limiting UL

Service (128kbps)
Cell Range for Equivalent

UL Service (256kbps)
Coverage Probability for

DL service
95% x (0.36)2 / (0.46)2
Downlink Budget
Example: 10MHz BW
No. Resource Blocks
Used Bandwidth
UE Noise Figure
Body Loss
Penetration Margin
# DL Tx Paths
UE Antenna Gain
Desired Signal
Noise
Cell Edge SINR
Optimal MCS
PS 128
PS 256
50 RB
9000 kHz
7 dB
18 dBi
0.5 dB
0 dB
21 dB
0.46 km
2 paths
30 W
80%
46.8 dBm
0 dBi
100%
0.46 km
129.1 dB
150.6 dB
95%
-4.9 dB
-85.8 dBm
-80.9 dBm
-97.5 dBm
-5.0 dB
MCS 2
1323 kbps
50 RB
9000 kHz
7 dB
18 dBi
0.5 dB
0 dB
21 dB
0.46 km
2 paths
30 W
80%
46.8 dBm
0 dBi
100%
0.37 km
125.7 dB
147.2 dB
61%
-0.1 dB
-82.3 dBm
-82.2 dBm
-97.5 dBm
-0.2 dB
MCS 7
3921 kbps
% of total DL power
dedicated to PDSCH
Geometry at the corresponding

UL service range
The cell edge SINR
Downlink Budget
DL Power Settings
Depending on the OAM power offset settings for the Resource Elements (RE) of
different channel types we can compute the Average PDSCH Power / OFDM
Symbol
Example below for 10MHz, 2 x 40W PA Power
Average % power / symbol allocated to PDSCH REs 32.1 / 40 = 80.2%
Downlink Budget
Geometry & SINR (1/2)
Geometry distributions from system simulations
Geometry
A range of UE configurations, both

omni and, directional UEs (fixed wireless)
Examples in LKB are for coverage
reliabilities of 95% and 61%
Adjacent Site
Geometry Distributions (Different UE Configs)
61% Coverage Reliability
95% Coverage Reliability
Geometry
-3.9dB
Rx Power
All
Yield Geometries of -3.9 & 4.7dB

respectively
An additional 1dB is
subtracted from
these geometry
values to align with
field expectations
Rx PowerServing Site
Geometry
4.7dB
Downlink Budget
Geometry & SINR (2/2)
PDSCH SINR for a defined cell range and coverage reliability:

PDSCHSINR = PDSCHRx / [ PDSCHRx Geometry + Thermal Noise]
Where:
PDSCHRx = PowerPDSCH Total DL Losses
PowerPDSCH = PowerMax PA x Power FractionPDSCH x RBService / RBMax
Power FractionPDSCH is the average fraction of the total power allocated to
PDSCH Resource Elements (REs) per symbol across all RBs
Thermal Noise = 10 x log10( F x Nth x NRB x WRB )
F: eNode-B Noise figure in dB

Nth: Thermal noise density, 10log(Nth) =-174 dBm/Hz
NRB: Number of resource blocks (RB) required to reach a given data rate
WRB: Bandwidth of one Resource Block
Downlink Budget
Example: 10MHz BW
No. Resource Blocks
Used Bandwidth
UE Noise Figure
Body Loss
Penetration Margin
# DL Tx Paths
UE Antenna Gain
Desired Signal
Noise
Cell Edge SINR
Optimal MCS
PS 128
PS 256
50 RB
9000 kHz
7 dB
18 dBi
0.5 dB
0 dB
21 dB
0.46 km
2 paths
30 W
80%
46.8 dBm
0 dBi
100%
0.46 km
129.1 dB
150.6 dB
95%
-4.9 dB
-85.8 dBm
-80.9 dBm
-97.5 dBm
-5.0 dB
MCS 2
1323 kbps
50 RB
9000 kHz
7 dB
18 dBi
0.5 dB
0 dB
21 dB
0.46 km
2 paths
30 W
80%
46.8 dBm
0 dBi
100%
0.37 km
125.7 dB
147.2 dB
61%
-0.1 dB
-82.3 dBm
-82.2 dBm
-97.5 dBm
-0.2 dB
MCS 7
3921 kbps
Max # RB for the bandwidth is

assumed by default
The optimal MCS for the

#RB and SINR
Corresponding L1 Throughput for
#RB, MCS and SINR

SINR Performances - Overview
Like the UL the DL SINR Performances depends on:

eNode-B equipment performance
Radio conditions (multipath fading profile, mobile speed)
Receive diversity (2-way by default or optional 4-way)
Targeted data rate and quality of service
The Modulation and Coding Scheme (MCS)
Max allowed number of HARQ transmissions
HARQ Operating Point 20% BLER for 1st HARQ Transmission considered by
default
Derived from link level simulations
Note: Currently the Link Level Simulations referenced in the DL LKB
are for EVehA3km/h, 2x2 TxDiv

SINR - Selection of Optimal SINR Figures
Based on a set of link level simulation results:

Full range of MCS values
Full range of # RBs
Example for Downlink

50RB, 10MHz
Bandwidth (2x2 MIMO)

Downlink Performance Analysis (1/3)
Downlink Link Level Results for:

25 RB, MCS 28, TxDiv and 5MHz Bandwidth
19.4dB SINR
12Mbps Throughput
20% BLER


25 RB, 1-28 MCS, TxDiv and 5MHz Bandwidth
-5dB cell edge SINR
-5dB Cell Edge SINR Target

660 kbps Tput
MCS 1


1 to 25 RB, All MCS, TxDiv and 5MHz Bandwidth
-5dB cell edge SINR
Downlink Budget
Example: 10MHz BW (Multiple Services)
No. Resource Blocks
Used Bandwidth
UE Noise Figure
Body Loss
Penetration Margin
# DL Tx Paths
UE Antenna Gain
Desired Signal
Noise
Cell Edge SINR
Optimal MCS
PS 128
PS 256
PS 512
50 RB
9000 kHz
7 dB
18 dBi
0.5 dB
0 dB
21 dB
0.46 km
2 paths
30 W
80%
46.8 dBm
0 dBi
100%
0.46 km
129.1 dB
150.6 dB
95%
-4.9 dB
-85.8 dBm
-80.9 dBm
-97.5 dBm
-5.0 dB
MCS 2
1323 kbps
50 RB
9000 kHz
7 dB
18 dBi
0.5 dB
0 dB
21 dB
0.46 km
2 paths
30 W
80%
46.8 dBm
0 dBi
100%
0.37 km
125.7 dB
147.2 dB
61%
-0.1 dB
-82.3 dBm
-82.2 dBm
-97.5 dBm
-0.2 dB
MCS 7
3921 kbps
50 RB
9000 kHz
7 dB
18 dBi
0.5 dB
0 dB
21 dB
0.46 km
2 paths
30 W
80%
46.8 dBm
0 dBi
100%
0.30 km
122.4 dB
143.9 dB
40%
3.3 dB
-79.1 dBm
-82.4 dBm
-97.5 dBm
3.2 dB
MCS 10
8623 kbps

Summary
The downlink link budgets presented here are indicative of what rates are achievable within
the corresponding UL service coverage areas
LTE coverage is not considered to be limited by the DL for typical eNode-B output
powers and deployment scenarios with a 23dBm UE output power, link budgets should
remain uplink limited
It is important to understand that:

DL cell edge performances are strongly dependent upon scheduler parameters (e.g. tuning
of the fairness of the proportional fair scheduler algorithm) or the available bandwidth
(e.g. 10MHz vs 5MHz)
DL performances in the link budget are based only on long term average PDSCH SINR values
and do not account for dynamic channel variations that can be addressed with frequency
selective scheduling functionalities
Better estimates of DL performances can be achieved by means of:

System level simulations and/or Radio Network Planning (RNP) analysis

Required DL Output Power ?
A series of system simulation studies were performed to assess the required

Power Amplifier (PA) sizing for 3 different important cases
700 MHz (10 MHz), 2.1 GHz (10 MHz), 2.1 GHz/AWS (5 MHz) and 2.6 GHz (20
MHz)
All scenarios considered 2x2 MIMO on the DL and 2RxDiv on the UL
In principle, all studies concluded the following:
Spectrum efficiency for reasonable cell sizes is relatively invariant to
reasonable choices for PA sizes
Edge rates become much more sensitive to the choice of power at large cell
radiuses

Downlink PA Sizing for LTE Conclusions
Recommendations
from study
(independent of
frequency)
Carrier Bandwidths
PA Power
1.4 MHz
2 x 10 W
3.0 MHz
2 x 10 W
5.0 MHz
2 x 20 W
10.0 MHz
2 x 30 W
15.0 MHz
2 x 40 W
20.0 MHz
2 x 40 W
RF Design
LTE eNode-B Dimensioning

Key Issues to be considered
Coverage
Cell edge coverage expectations + depth of coverage

Target operating frequency band + propagation assumptions
Overlay versus Greenfield deployment
Antenna system sharing requirements (impact on coverage +
optimization constraints)
Radio features, e.g. TMA, RRH, ICIC
Capacity
Subscriber usage profile

Subscriber forecast
Spectrum constraints
Peak throughput requirements
Radio features, e.g. ICIC
Rollout Phase
Site Field Positioning Principles
Based on Site Count (from RF dimensioning process)

Sites positioned to satisfy
RS coverage target (from LB for a target area reliability)
Capacity requirement
Placed either manually or utilizing Automatic Cell Planning (ACP) tools
Site Sharing Approach:

The first and quickest approach without RNP is to overlay existing sites with LTE
A 1:1 mapping is most appropriate where the overlaid network is at a
frequency band close to LTE band
Site overlay optimized with the aid of RNP predictions with an accurate propagation
model
Sites can be added or deleted where there is limited or excess coverage,
respectively
Analysis performed at the same time as antenna azimuth optimization (see
next slide)
Rollout Phase
RF Optimization Criteria
Azimuth optimization and tilt optimization are the main rules to optimize the
network in order to have the best radio environment before implementing any
features.
The aim are

Optimize coverage in order to reach RSRP targets
To reduce the number of servers covering the same area in order to avoid excessive
overlapping.
This minimize interference without impacting coverage, improve SINR so
network performances like
Throughput
Capacity
Frequency re-use efficiency
Rollout Phase
RSRP target
RS-RSSI: total power transmitted dedicated for Reference signal during one
OFDM symbol duration
Currently in Atoll it is more RS-RSSI is calculated, and the total power
dedicated to RS is 1/6 of Max power. This approach is not 100% of the time in
line wit power settings on the field
LA0.x for a 30W PA power energy per RE for RS is 14.9 dBm. Considering 10MHz
bandwidth 100 RE are used to calculate RS-RSSI, so total power dedicated to RS over
one OFDM symbol is 34.9dBm, but Atoll calculates 30W/6, so 37dBm, so to do the right
calculation for this configuration max power set in Atoll should be 43dBm instead of
45dBm.
Rollout Phase
RSRP target
LA1.0 for RRH 30W PA power energy per RE for RS is 16.2 dBm. Considering 10MHz
one OFDM symbol is 36.2dBm, but Atoll calculates 30W/6, so 37dBm, so to do the right
calculation for this configuration max power set in Atoll should be 44dBm instead of
45dBm.
LA1.0 for TRDU 40W PA power energy per RE for RS is 18.2 dBm. Considering 10MHz
one OFDM symbol is 38.2dBm, Atoll calculates 40W/6, so 38dBm, so it is ok
3GPP RSRP definition:

Reference signal received power (RSRP), is determined for a considered cell as the
linear average over the power contributions (in [W]) of the resource elements that
carry cell-specific reference signals within the considered measurement frequency
bandwidth.
Rollout Phase
Outdoor RSRP target depending on environment and frequencies for UL PS 128 service and UL PS 256, considering 45dBm PA power and 14.9 dBm Reference signal Tx power per RE. RSRP value does not depends on the number of transmit
DL RS EIRP per RE and per transmit:
30.9dBm @ 2600MHz/2100MHz/AWS/1900MHz/1800MHz with 18dBi antenna gain & 2dB cable losses
30.9dBm @ 900MHz/850MHz with 17dBi antenna gain & 1dB cable losses
28.9dBm @700MHz with 15dBi antenna gain & 1 dB cable losses
Rollout Phase
Currently the calculation done in 9155 is the sum of all Reference signal
resource elements power transmitted in a same OFDM time period over all
the bandwidth. This approach is not in line with 3GPP as 3GPP specify the
linear average of reference signal resource elements.
To compensate this error the following work around must be followed and
based on the same analysis done for RS-RSSI calculation
LA0.x for RRH 30W PA power energy per RE for RS is 14.9 dBm.
For 5MHz bandwidth set in Cell table Max power column:
eNode-B PA power -19dB
Rollout Phase
LA1.0 for RRH 30W PA power energy per RE for RS is 16.2 dBm.
LA1.0 for TRDU 40W PA power energy per RE for RS is 18.2 dBm.
Rollout Phase
The method proposed is to:
Set indoor penetration losses in 9155 clutter table
Use the UL Link Budget Available Path loss with 0dB penetration losses set in the LB for the
dimensioning service selected,
Design RSRP = RS per RE EIRP+ ANT_GAIN Available Uplink Pathloss indoor losses
where:
RS per RE EIRP = Reference signal EIRP per resource element , it is automatically
calculated by 9155 when the work around specified above is followed
ANT_GAIN = Node-B antenna gain
Available Uplink Pathloss: UL available pathloss calculated with the link budget when
penetration loss is set to 0dB
The RSRP target values specified in slide , have been defined with this approach.
If the user apply this approach, the following recommendation must be respected
Select indoor loss icon in 9155 coverage study Do not select shadowing taken into
account icon as it is already done in RSRP target calculated below
RF optimization criteria
Overlapping optimization
The following rules are not technology specifics, and their efficiency have already been
measured on GSM, W-CDMA networks.
Pollution and interference analysis
Within 4dB of the best server
number of servers should 4
% area with 4 servers should be < 2%.
% of area with 2 servers should be < 30%.
Within 10dB of the best server
number of servers should 7
% of area with 7 servers should be < 2%.
High signal level overlap analysis:
Increase the design threshold for the covered area by 10dB
% of 3 servers in the design area should not exceed 10%..
Example: if the RS design threshold is -85dBm, a number of servers
analysis is done with a threshold equal to -75dBm.
SINR target
This target can be used with 9155 RNP tool, but it is not 100% sure that it can be
measured on the field with high accuracy as it is not 3GPP measurement criteria.
In 9155 SINR can be calculated based on reference signal, or PDSCH, and for loaded
cases it provides the same results as power per RE RS= power per RE PDSCH
The SINR target value depends on the traffic load:
95% of the design area should have SINR -5dB, with 100% DL load
95% of the design area should have a SINR -2dB with 50% DL load
SINR does not depends on number of transmits
RSRQ target
RSRQ= N*RSRP/RSSI where RSSI is all the power received in the N resource blocks used
bandwidth during the same time period where RSRP is measured.
RSRQ depends on the number of transit, as RSSI value depends on it, and not RSRP
RSRQ target value depends on the traffic load:
1 transmit :
95% of the design area should have RSRQ -17dB, with 100% DL load
2 transmits :
4 transmits :
These targets are been obtained on several well known environments ; where a
very good optimization has been done in W-CDMA due to critical inter-site
distance : 400m. Same RNP environment has been re-used for LTE predictions
without changing anything to evaluate the best SINR & RSRQ reachable in
different full traffic load condition.
The RNP prediction and RF optimization done for the different trials in US and
Europe confirm that these targets can be reach and are a good way to optimize
throughput and reduce interferences.
Overlapping criteria, RSRQ target and SINR target defined above are in line to
provide the same RF design. They allow managing interferences in order to
obtain a RF network design able to support the best throughput .
10Mbps in cell center for mono-user when all surrounded cells have 100% load
1.5Mbps at cell edge in mono-user for 10MHz bandwidth when all surrounded cells have
100% load
Neighbors & Cell ID planning criteria
Cell id is required to identify each cell, a cell id is the combination of one of the 3
sequences supported by P-SCH and the group Id supported by S-SCH.
So Realizing a cell id planning = realizing P-SCH planning and S-SCH planning
The strategy recommended is to use the same S-CH per site which induces
that each sector uses a different P-SCH sequence
This distance depends on propagation path loss, the environment and the frequency.
The main criteria are the following one:
Considering two cells cell A and cell B, on the same frequency carrier using the same
cell ID, the distance between those must satisfy the following criterias:
RSRP criteria
At cell A edge (RSRPcellA -115dBm) : RSRPcellA : RSRPcellB + 10dB
At cell B edge (RSRPcellB -115dBm): RSRPcellB : RSRPcellA + 10dB
RSRQ criteria for 100% load case ( 2 transmits)
At cell A edge (RSRQcellA -20dB) : RSRQcellA : RSRQcellB + 10dB
At cell B edge (RSRQcellB -20dB): RSRQcellB : RSRQcellA + 10dB
Distance criteria
Dense urban/ urban
2km @ 2600MHz considering 600m cell radius

2,4km @ 1800MHz and 2100MHz considering 700m cell radius
5,5km @ 850MHz and 900MHz considering 1,7km cell radius
6Km @ 700MHz considering 1,9km cell radius
Suburban
6km @ 2600MHz considering 1,8km cell radius

7km @ 1800MHz and 2100MHz considering 2,2km cell radius
18km @ 850MHz and 900MHz considering 5,5km cell radius
20Km @ 700MHz considering 6km cell radius
17km @ 2600MHz considering 6km cell radius

21km @ 1800MHz and 2100MHz considering 7km cell radius
60km @ 850MHz and 900MHz considering 18km cell radius
65Km @ 700MHz considering 20km cell radius
Rural
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From LTE basics to 9155 LTE RF Design

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LTE Downlink: Frame Format, Channel Structure &

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LTE Downlink: Number of Resource Blocks & Numerology

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Downlink common Reference Signal structure

Reference signal symbol distribution sequence over 12 subcarriers x 14 OFDM

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Downlink common Reference Signal structure per number of

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PBCH, SCH Time and frequency location

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Basic of cell search

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Primary BCH & Dynamic BCH

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Primary BCH & Dynamic BCH

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PCFICH & PHICH

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