IEG3L3 Simulasi Komputer Dan Praktikum

Ari Yanuar Ridwan

Industrial Engineering Study Program
School of Industrial And System
Engineering
Telkom University
V1.0 (2015)

INTRODUCTION TO
SYSTEMS MODELING
AND SIMULATION
WEEK 1

Basics of Modeling and

Simulation

What is simulation?
How to study a system?
When to use simulations?
Application areas of simulation
Terminology system, state, events
Model classification
Types of simulation
Steps in a simulation study
Advantages, disadvantages, and pitfalls in a
simulation study
IEG3L3 Simulasi Komputer Dan Praktikum

What is a simulation?
3

Simulation is imitation of the operation

of a facility or process, usually using a
computer

Facility being simulated is also called a

system
Assumptions/approximations, both logical
and mathematical, are made about how the
system works
These assumptions form a model of the
system
IEG3L3 Simulasi Komputer Dan Praktikum

How to study a system?

4

IEG3L3 Simulasi Komputer Dan Praktikum

When to use simulations?

5

Simulations can be used:

To study complex system, i.e., systems where

analytic solutions are infeasible.
To compare design alternatives for a system
that doesnt exist.
To study the effect of alterations to an existing
system. Why not change the system??
To reinforce/verify analytic solutions.

Simulations should not be used:

If model assumptions are simple such that

mathematical methods can be used to obtain
exact answers (analytical solutions)
IEG3L3 Simulasi Komputer Dan Praktikum

Application Areas
6

Design and performance evaluation of computer systems

Design and analysis of manufacturing systems

Operation of a production line

Evaluating designs for service organizations

Determining hardware requirements or protocols for

communications networks
Studying CPU Scheduling algorithms
Evaluation of Web caching policies

Study call centers, fast-food restaurants, hospitals, and post

offices

Evaluating military weapons systems or their logistics

requirements
Designing and operating transportation systems such as
airports, freeways, ports, and subways
Analyzing financial or economic systems
IEG3L3 Simulasi Komputer Dan Praktikum

Terminology
7

System: A collection of objects that act and

interact together toward some logical end

State of a system: Collection of variables and

their values necessary to characterize a system
at a particular time

E.g. Determine number of cashiers needed to provide

express service to customers with 10 or less item at a
superstore system consists of express cashiers and
customers with 10 or less items

Might depend on desired objectives, performance

measures
SS Example: # of express cashiers, time of arrival of
customers with 10 or less items, etc.

Event: AIEG3L3
change
in system state
Simulasi Komputer Dan Praktikum

Customer arrival, start of service, and customer

[Jain91]
Model Classification
8

Continuous-time vs. discrete-time

models

Continuous-event vs. discrete-event

models

Deterministic vs. probabilistic models

Static vs. dynamic models

Linear vs. non-linear models

Open vs.
models
IEG3L3closed
Simulasi Komputer
Dan Praktikum

Continuous and Discrete-time

models
9

Number of
students
in cpsc 531

Number
of cust.
in queue

Time
(a) Continuous-time

Time
(b) Discrete-time

IEG3L3 Simulasi Komputer Dan Praktikum

Continuous and Discrete-event

models
10

Distance
traveled
by plane

Number
of cust.
in queue

Time
(a) Continuous-event

Time
(b) Discrete-event

IEG3L3 Simulasi Komputer Dan Praktikum

Deterministic and Stochastic

Models
11

Deterministic models produce deterministic

results
Stochastic or probabilistic models are subject
to random effects

Typically, they have one or more random inputs

(e.g., arrival of customers, service time etc.).
Outputs from stochastic models are estimates
of the true characteristics of the system
Need to repeat experiments number of times
Need to have confidence in the results
IEG3L3 Simulasi Komputer Dan Praktikum

More on models
12

Static and dynamic models

Linear and non-linear models

Static models system state independent of time

Dynamic models - system state change with time
Linear models output is a linear function of
input parameters

Open and closed models

(a) Open Model

(b) Closed Model

IEG3L3 Simulasi Komputer Dan Praktikum

Types of Simulation (1/2)

13

Monte Carlo simulation

No time element (usually)

Used for evaluating non-probabilistic expressions
(e.g., an integral) using probabilistic methods
Wide variety of mathematical problems

Trace-driven simulation

Extensively used in computer systems

performance evaluation; e.g., paging algorithms
Advantages: credibility, easy validation, less
randomness, accurate workload
Disadvantages: complexity, only a snap-shot,
representative?, single point of validation
IEG3L3 Simulasi Komputer Dan Praktikum

Types of Simulation (2/2)

14

Monte Carlo simulation

Trace-driven simulation
Discrete-event simulation: a simulation
using a discrete-event (also called discretestate) model of the system

Continuous-event simulation: uses a

continuous-state models

E.g., Widely used for studying computer

systems

E.g., Widely used in chemical/pharmaceutical

studies

Our focus will be on discrete-event systems.

IEG3L3 Simulasi Komputer Dan Praktikum

Steps in a Simulation Study

15

IEG3L3 Simulasi Komputer Dan Praktikum

Advantages, disadvantages, and pitfalls in

a simulation study
16

Advantages

Disadvantages

Simulation allows great flexibility in modeling complex

systems, so simulation models can be highly valid
Easy to compare alternatives
Control experimental conditions
Can study system with a very long time frame
Stochastic simulations produce only estimates with
noise
Simulation models can be expensive to develop
Simulations usually produce large volumes of output
need to summarize, statistically analyze appropriately

Pitfalls

Failure to identify objectives clearly up front

Inappropriate level of detail (both ways)
Inadequate design and analysis of simulation
experiments
IEG3L3
Simulasi Komputer
Dan Praktikum
Inadequate
education,
training

17

Thank You
Any Question ?

IEG3L3 Simulasi Komputer Dan Praktikum