Electric,Hybrid,andFuel

CellVehicles
Oct.24,2003

GaryFlomenhoft,
BSME,MAPP,CEE
ResearchAssociate
GundInstitute,SNR
Owner:
InnEVations.com

ElectricVehicles1stWave18901920
The years 1899 and 1900 were the high point of
electric vehicles in America, as they outsold all
other types of cars.

Source:
USDOE

Betterbatteries10yearsaway
Liars,damnliars,andbattery
manufacturers.ThomasEdison(NiFe)

HubbertOilCycle

M.King
Hubbert

Two Views
Julian Simon view: technological
developments and human ingenuity
will yield more resources
Drowning in oil The Economist, March
6th-12th 1999, pp. 23-25

Colin Campbell, et al. use Hubbert

curves to predict the end of oil
The End of Cheap Oil Scientific
American, March 1998, pp. 78-83
(Campbell and Laherrere)

S. Grcan Glen,
Ph.D.

Ehrlich/Simonbet

SourceWorldOilExtraction

WorldOilExtraction

HubbertEpochofFossilFuel

WorldOilExtraction

WorldOilExtraction

WorldOilExtraction

AtmosphericCO2since1000AD

CO2PPM

SINKCLIMATECHANGE
DoesCO2changetheclimateandhowbadisit?

SINKCLIMATECHANGE
DoesCO2changetheclimateandhowbadisit?
2BILLIONYEARS

Youarehere

SINKCLIMATECHANGE
DoesCO2changetheclimateandhowbadisit?

SINKCLIMATECHANGE
ArcticIcethinnedby40%:USsubs

EuropeinAugust2003
COUNTRY DEATHS DETAILS
Temperaturessoaredto104degreesFahrenheitin
France
14,802
partsofthecountry;temperaturesinPariswere
thehighestsincerecordkeepingbeganin1873.

Germany

7000

Spain

4230

Italy
UK
Neth
Portugal
Belgium

4175
2045
1400
1316
150

TOTAL

35,118

Hightemperaturesofupto105.4degrees
Fahrenheit,thehottestsincerecordsbeganin
1901,raisedmortalitysome10percentabove
average.
Hightemperaturescoupledwithelevatedground
levelozoneconcentrationsexceedingtheEuropean
Union'shealthriskthreshold.
Temperaturesinpartsofthecountryaveraged16
degreesFahrenheithigherthanpreviousyear.
Thefirsttripledigit(Fahrenheit)temperatures
wererecordedinLondon.
Temperaturesrangedsome14degreeswarmer
thannormal.
Temperatureswereabove104degreesFahrenheit
throughoutmuchofthecountry.
TemperaturesexceededanyintheRoyal
MeteorologicalSociety'srecordsdatingbackto
1833.

CLIMATEDAMAGE

CLIMATEDAMAGE

CLIMATEDAMAGE

1980s2ndWaveofEVs

Jet Industries:

Citi-Car
(Beaumont)

Electricar

Lectra

Betterbatteries10yearsaway

Percentage Sector Contribution to Air Pollution Emissions (1995)

Source: WRI Estimate Based on Data from "National Air Quality and Emissions Trends
Report, 1995," 1996, EPA 454/R-96-005.

AIR POLLUTION FATALITIES NOW EXCEED TRAFFIC FATALITIES BY 3: 1

http://www.earth-policy.org/Updates/Update17.htm

USCO2bySector(1999)

U.S. Territories
1%

Source:
(USEPA)

Source:EPA

GasHogTaxCredit

HummerH1
Stickerprice$106,185
Currentlaw
Equipmentdeduction$25,000
Totaltaxdeduction*$60,722
Busheconomicplan
Equipmentdeduction$75,000
Totaltaxdeduction*$88,722
*IncludesbonustaxwriteoffenactedbyCongressinMarch2002anda
deductionfornormaldepreciation.
Sources:DetroitNewsresearch,IRS,TaxpayersforCommonSense

TomTomorrow

IfWorldconsumption=US:Need4moreplanets
Source:
Centerfor
ANew
American
Dream

CarsperThousandPeople

Source:
JustAuto.com

ThomasGross,
USDOE

Today there are 670 million vehicles in the

world. By 2050 that number is expected to
increase to 4.5 billion or maybe more.

WhydidautomakersbuildEVsin90s?
NOTEnv.OrMARKETDRIVEN!Gas
ischeap.($400billionannualsubsidy)
1990CARBMandate

More than 95% of Californians live in areas that do not

meet health-based federal or state air quality standards.

Approximately 50% of smog-forming pollutants come

from gasoline and diesel-powered vehicles.

Although many automobiles sold in California today are

98% cleaner than those sold 30 years ago, population

growth and increased driving may soon outpace our
ability to improve air quality if we rely solely on continued
improvements to gasoline and diesel-powered vehicles.

ZEVS required for further reductions

1990CAAirResourcesBoardMandates

ModelYears
1998
2001
20032008
20092011
20122014
20152017
2018+

ZEVsreqd.in
CA
2%*
5%*
10%
11%
12%
14%
16%

*Requirementmodifiedin1996

ZEVEMISSIONS
Source:
CAAir
Resources
Board

Do ZEVs simply shift air emissions from

one place to another?
Even when taking into account
power plant emissions, ZEVs are
95% cleaner than even the lowest
emitting conventional vehicle.

EVs3rdWave1990+:
FirstPhase=(SmallConversioncompanies)

SolarElectric
Engineering
(US
Electricar)

Betterbatteries10yearsaway

MendoMotive

InnEVations

ThunderstruckEV.com

1990s2ndPhase:SmallCorporations,US

Solectria:

Corbin:

Tropica (Beaumont)

Betterbatteries10yearsaway

Europe:CityEl5000SoldParty

Phase3:Nearing1998DetroitandJapan
Detroit:Wecantdoit.HireLawyers.(Cantdo

seatbelts,5mphbumpers,sideimpactprotection,unleadedgas,
bettergasmileage,airbags,etc.)

GMEV1
Gen 1:
Lead Acid
70 - 90 miles
ModelYears

ZEVsreqd.inCA

1998

2%*

2001

5%*

20032008

10%

20092011

11%

20122014

12%

20152017

14%

2018+

16%

*Requirementmodifiedin1996

Gen 2: Nickel
Metal Hydrid
e 125-150 mil
es

CostofregulationsOMBreport

AnnualCost:$3743billion
EPAconservativeapproach,Consistently
overestimatescosts,notconsideringleast
costapproachandtechnicalinnovation
AnnualBenefits:$121193
EPAconsistentlyunderestimatesbenefits
USINGACTUALNOTTHEORETICAL
CASESBENEFITSOUTWEIGHCOSTS
5:1

Japan:Wecandoit.Hireengineers.

HondaEVPlus

Nickel Metal Hydride 80 miles

EVPlusSpecs
Length:159.3in.
Width:68.9in.
Height:64.2in.
WheelBase99.6in.
TrackFront/Rear:59.1/58.7
CurbWeight:3593.5
DriveTrain:FrontWheelDrive
Occupants:Four
Voltage:288
Motor:BrushlessPM
Power:49Kw(66hp)
Battery2412vNiMH
Charger:OnboardConductive
Recharge:68hrs
Acceleration:4.9sec(030mph)
MaximumSpeed:80+mph
Range:100miles(80%discharge)
LeaseCost:$455/mofor36mo.

Japan:Wecandoit.Hireengineers.

HondaEVPlus

Nickel Metal Hydride 80 miles

NissanAltra
Lithiumion80100miles

ToyotaRAV4EV
Nickel Metal Hydride 80 miles

BetterBatteriesarefinallyhere,butyoucantaffordthem.

NeighborhoodElectricVehicles

FORDTh!nk

NissanHypermini

ChryslerGEM
ToyotaEcom

OTHEREVS

ENERGYSTORAGE
Performance of Energy Storage Systems

Fuel

SpecificEnergy

Gasoline

12,300

Natural gas

9,300

Hydrogen

33,000

Lead-acid battery

30

Advanced Lead Acid

48

Wh/kg

Gasoline:C8H18

ENERGYSTORAGE
Performance of Advanced EV Battery Systems
EnergyDensity

PowerDensity

Wh/kg

W/kg

Life
Cycles

Lead-acid battery

30

150

300

USABC

Advanced Lead Acid

48

150

800

andothers

GM Ovonic nickel metal

hydride

70

220

>600

SAFT nickel metal hydride

70

150

1,500

SAFT lithium ion

120

230

600

Lithium polymer

150

350

<600

60

255

500

160-220

low

Source:

Evercel Nickel-zinc
Zinc-Air
Composite Flywheels

120

Supercapacitors

LITHIUMIONBATTERY

SOURCE:
ELECTRIC
STORAGE
ASSOC.

COMPOSITEFLYWHEELS

SOURCE:
ELECTRIC
STORAGE
ASSOC.

SUPERCAPACITORS

SOURCE:
ELECTRIC
STORAGE
ASSOC.

ZINCAIRFUELCELL

SOURCE:
ELECTRIC
STORAGE
ASSOC.

MECHANICALRECHARGE
ZINCAIRFUELCELL

SOURCE:
METALLIC
POWER.COM

ENERGYDENSITYBYWEIGHTANDVOLUME

SOURCE:
ELECTRIC
STORAGE
ASSOC.

CARBDEFINITIONS
HC

CO

NOx

TLEV- Transitional Low-Emission 50%

NR

NR

LEV- Low-Emission Vehicle

70%

NR

50%

ULEV- Ultra-Low-Emission

85%

50%

50%

SULEV- Super-Ultra-Low-Emission
Vehicle (90% cleaner than 2003 average)

96%

70%

95%

PZEV-Partial Zero-Emission-

96%

70%

95%

Passengercaremissionsreduction

C
L
E
A
N
E
R

Vehicle

Vehicle (50%cleanerthantheaveragenew
2003modelyearvehicle.)

Vehicle

SULEV&15year/150Kmile
warrantyand0evaporative
emissions.

AT PZEV-Advanced Technology 96%

PZEV

70%

95%

(CNG, hybrid-electric,
methanol, fuel cell)

PZEV&andincludeadvanced
technologycomponents.

ZEV -Zero-Emission Vehicles (98%

100%

cleanerthantheaveragenew2003modelyearvehicle.)

100%

100%

WhatisaHybridElectricVehicle?

WhatisaHybridElectricVehicle?

WhatisaHybridElectricVehicle?

AvailableHybridElectricVehicles
20002004TOYOTAPRI
US
$22,000$26,000
60hwy48city
19992004HONDA
INSIGHT
$19,18021,380
Std:68auto:62/58

20032004HO
NDACIVIC

$20,260$21,110std:46/51auto:48/47

HybridElectricVehicles
2005FORDESCAPEHYB
RID
LoadedICE$26,700
Hybrid~3540mpgcity
Semihybrid
2004GMFlexPower
ChevySilveradoPickup
1015%mpg
improvement

FutureHybridElectricVehicles
NissanTino
Nissan'sHybridVehicle(HV)iscalledthe
Tino.Itispoweredbyacombinationofa
1.8literfourcylinderengineandanelectric
motorwithlithiumionbatteries.The
vehicleisafivepassengercarthatachieves
twicethefueleconomyand50%less
emissions.Nissan'sTinohybridelectriccar
willbesoldonlyinJapan,initially.

Spring2004LEXUSHYBRID
Fall2004ToyotaHylander

PartnershipforaNewGenerationofVehicles(PNGV)
Since1993$1.1billion
GMPrecept
Hybrid

ChryslerESX2Hybrid

DodgeESX3hybrid
1.5literdirectinjectionthreecylinderdiesel
engine
15kWor20hp,permanentmagnetelectric
motor/generator

2006FordFutura

21kWlithiumionbatterypack.

FutureHybridElectricVehicles
Manufacturer

Model

Year

Ford

Explorer

2005+

GM

Chevy
Suburban
SaturnVUE

2005
2005

ChevyEquinox 2006

Daimler
Chrysler

GMCYukon

2007

ChevyTahoe

2007

DodgeRam
Pickup
MercedesS
class

2005
2006

FUELCELLVEHICLES2004FORD

TheFordFocusFCVfuelcellsystemisefficient,
quiet,andproduceszeroemissions.Fordhas
announcedplanstohaveathreeyear
demonstrationprogramof510fleetvehiclesin
Vancouver,Canadain2004.

FUELCELLVEHICLES2003Honda

HondaisdeliveringafamilyofnewFCXfuel
cellvehiclestoitsfirstcustomer,thecityofLos
Angeles.Hondaplanstoleaseapproximately
30fuelcellcarsinCaliforniaandJapan
duringthenextseveralyears.Thefuelcell
itselfispropelledbyelectricitygeneratedbya
hydrogenoxygenchemicalreactionandits
onlyemission,remarkably,iswatervapor.

FUELCELLVEHICLES2003TOYOTA

(NOT
AVAILABLE)

Itsonlyexhaustiswatervapor.Its
secret?Ahydrogenfuelcellthat
harnessestheelectricityofseparated
atomsandmoleculesastheystrivetobe
electricallybalanced.Developedentirely
inhouse,FCHV4showsToyotaonthe
leadingedgeoffuelcelltechnology.

FUELCELLVEHICLESNISSAN

XTRAILFCV
Nissanisactivelydevelopingfuelcell
vehicles(FCVs)thathavelow
environmentalimpactandsaveenergy.
Commercializationisscheduledfor2003.
(?????)

FUELCELLVEHICLESGM

PROTOTYPE

TheHywirehasnointernal
combustionengine,instrument
panel,brakeoraccelerator
pedalsbutitdoeshave
amplepowersuppliedbya
GMfuelcellthatrunson
hydrogen.

FUELCELLVEHICLESDAIM/CHRYSLER

FUELCELLVEHICLESDAIM/CHRYSLER

FUELCELLVEHICLESHYUNDAI

HYDROGENFUELCELLOPERATION

SOURCE:
SchatzEnergyLab
HumboldtStateU.

PEMHYDROGENFUELCELLS

SOURCE:
SchatzEnergyLab
HumboldtStateU.

PEM=ProtonExchangeMembrane
(Nafiontm)

SOMESURPRISINGFACTSABOUTHYDROGEN
Q1)ISHYDROGENArevolutionaryNEW
ENERGYSOURCE?

Wheredoeshydrogencomefrom?

Fossil:natgas,propane,gasoline,methanol
Renewable:electricwind,solar,etc.electrolyzewater
Methane(CH4),methanol(CH3OH),ammonia(NH3?)
A)HYDROGENSTORES&TRANSPORTS
ENERGY.ACARRIERNOTASOURCE.
Q2)WHICHISMOREEFFICIENT,FUEL
CELLORBATTERIES?

A)BATTERIES

H2FuelCellEfficiency
INTERNALCOMBUSTIONENGINE

oil(gasoline)>ICengine15%
BATTERYPOWEREDELECTRICVEHICLE
Oil>powerplant>electricity~=45%
transmission~=80%
batterycharging~=80%
electricdrivesystem~=80%

.45x.8x.8x.8=23%
FUELCELLPOWEREDELECTRICVEHICLE
Oil>powerplant>electricity~=45%
electricitytransmission~=80%
H2electrolyzermaxefficiency~=70%
H2fuelcellmaxefficiency~=50%
Electricdrivesystem~=80%

.45x.8x.7x.5x.8=10%

SOLARFUELCELLS?

SOURCE:
Schatz
EnergyLab
Humboldt
StateU.

last

Mostefficientformoftransportation

Source:http://www.geocities.com/Hollywood/Set/7466/bikepics.htm