ELECTRONIC INSTRUMENTATION

AND MEASUREMENTS

Measurement Systems and

Transducers
Sensors or Transducers

- are devices which are capable of converting a

physical quantity to a more readily manipulated
electrical quantity
- it convert the change of physical quantity
(e.g., humidity, temperature) to a corresponding
(usually proportional) change in an electrical
quantity (e.g., voltage or current).

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Sensor Classification
- according to physical characteristics:
- electronic sensors
- resistive sensors
- according to physical variable or
quantity
measured:
- temperature
- flow rate

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Sensor Data Sheets
Accuracy: Conformity of the measurement to the
true value, usually in percent of full-scale reading
Error: Difference between measurement and true
value, usually in percent of full-scale reading
Precision: Number of significant figures of the
measurement
Resolution: Smallest measurable increment
Span: Linear operating range
Range: The range of measurable values
Linearity: Conformity to an ideal linear calibration
curve, usually in percent of reading or of full-scale
reading (whichever is greater)

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Motion and Dimensional Measurements
absolute position
relative position (displacement)
Velocity
Acceleration
Jerk (the derivative of acceleration)
These can be either translational or rotational
measurements

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Force, Torque, and Pressure
Measurements
Strain gauges (e.g. load cells, diaphragm
pressure transducers)
Piezoelectric transducers
Capacitive transducers

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Flow Measurements

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Temperature Measurements
Thermocouples
It is formed by the junction of two dissimilar
metals. This junction results on an opencircuit thermoelectric voltage due to the
Seebeck effect, named after Thomas
Seebeck, who discovered the phenomenon
in 1821.

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Resistance Temperature Detectors (RTDs)
It is a variable-resistance device whose
resistance is a function of temperature.
It can be made with both positive and
negative temperature coefficients and offer
greater accuracy and stability than
thermocouples.

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A process can be defined as a series of
manufacturing stages, which could be either
mechanical, electrical, physical, or chemical,
or a combination of all these, that the feed
materials would have to undergo to be
transformed into desired products.

09/07/15

Process Control

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measuring device
controller
controlled device

09/07/15

Control Loop