Communication Systems

week 2
Tech 163
Issues or concerns? Questions?

Homework
1.2
For amplitude = 1, terms are:
4/ + 4/3 + 4/5
1.4

1.8

Convert to deg K 273 + 27 = 300

deg K
Noise Power = kTB where k =
Boltzmann's const =1.38 x 10 ^-23
and B = noise bandwidth = 10 k Hz
Sol = 1.38 * 300 * 10^-23 *
10*10^3
=N)/N
4.14 *=10^-17
(S +
5/.2 = W
25
In dB this is 10 log 25 = 10 * log 25
= 10 * 1.39 = 13.9 or rounded to
14 dB

Homework (continued)
1.9

1.12

31

NF = (S/Nin) / (S/N out) = 100 /1 / 1/.03

NF = 100/33.33 = 3.0

Power gain = a1 * a2* a3 =

10*25*30 = 7500
NF = NF1 + (NF2-1)/a1 + (NF3-1)/
a1*a2
(3/10)
+ (4
/ (10*25)=
s/n =
= 230+dB
in and
27.3
dB out
2.316
what is NF?
NF in dB is subtraction, 30 27.3 =
2.7 dB
NF ratio = anti log (2.7 / 10 ) =
1.86
Tn = 290*(NF-1) = 290*.86 =
249.4 K

Homework (continued)
32

33

S/N = 100/2 =50 convert to dB = 20 log

50 = 20*1.69in = 33.98
Output dB = 30
NF = 33.98 30 = 3.98dB = anti log
(3.98/20) = 1.58
Tn =use
290
Note
of(NF-1)
the voltage dB formula.
100 = 290 *(NF -1)
NF 1 = 100/290 = .3448
NF = .3448 + 1 = 1.345 or 1.29 dB
Second receiver has a better NF =
1.31
Therefore: it degrades the input
less than the 100 K receiver. So all
things being equal, the second
receiver is better.
Time for Quiz 1

Chapter 2
Once frequency gets into the range that would support
radiation, circuit elements change their appearance and
become more reactive.
Since we use these components in telecommunications
to trigger high frequency oscillations, we may find we get
these oscillations in places we dont want them.
Terms used:
Carrier = high frequency signal that will radiate
baseband = low frequency signal containing
information
bandwidth = frequency range needed to support
communication of information
One thing that the text is attempting to point out is that
circuits that radiate were difficult to obtain. Early inventors
could only achieve the frequency necessary by creating
arcs. In this chapter we study oscillators that can reach the
high frequencies necessary for modern transmission.

Oscillators
In order to oscillate, the charges (electrons) in a circuit must
experience a force that moves them in a repeating manner.
To do this, the force must be just the right amount, too much
and the circuit overloads, too little and the oscillations die
out.
Technically this means that the
loop gain must be just enough to cover any damping
the phase of the feedback must be right to add to the
signal (compensation for the damping)
So oscillation depends on the damping in the circuit.
Note that oscillation is driven at the circuits resonant
frequency to make it easy to sustain oscillations.

Experiment

This experiment is about

Phase
Do you see how phase plays into keeping an oscillator going?
In this case force was input to the spring, so it was negative
If the force were directed toward the mass (golf ball), what direction
would it be?
Can the force be put in either direction?
What does positive feedback mean?

Hartley Tank Circuit

Resonant Frequency
A resonant circuit produces harmonic oscillations. (like a suspended
mass on a spring for example this is the formula for the resonance of a
Hartley Oscillator)

http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/oscillator/hartley.html

Hartley Circuit

Example calculation
Let Lt = 1 mH and let C = 100 pF
1 * 10^-3 * 100 * 10^-12
1* 10^-13
10 *10^-14

Colpitts Tank

http://
www.electronics-tutorials.ws/oscillator
/colpitts.html

Basic Colpitts

Math Problem
Students start a painting business in the summer
A can paint a Condo in 2 hours
B can paint the same Condo in 4 hours
C can paint the same Condo in 5 hours
If they do not interfere with one another, how long does it take
to paint the Condo if they work together?

This applies to series and parallel

circuits

Series
rule Inductors and resistors add, Capacitors use reciprocal
rule
Inductor
Resistor
Capacitor
.

+ =.

Parallel rule Capacitors add, Inductors and Resistors use

reciprocal rule
+ =

+ =

Frequency Colpitts

Practical Oscillator Circuits

OK, we have oscillations, and we can substitute crystal
oscillators for part of the resonate circuit, (we gain stability,
accuracy, and reduce size)
Now we want frequency selection.
Voltage Controlled Oscillators
Crystal Controlled Oscillators
Mixer frequencies
Frequency Synthesizers

VCO
Avoltage-controlled oscillatororVCOis an
electronicoscillatorwhose oscillation frequency
iscontrolledby avoltageinput. The applied
inputvoltagedetermines the instantaneous oscillation
frequency.
Source: https://
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage-controlled_oscillator
Here is a circuit oscillator controlled by a voltage input:
source: http://
Colpitts or
www.radio-electronics.com/info/rf-technology-design/pll-synthes
Hartley?
izers/vco-voltage-controlled-oscillators.php

VCO Theory

http://slideplayer.com/slide/236711/

Crystal
Here is a Colpitts circuit augmented with a crystal
Source google.com The crystal is used in the place of the
inductor

Mixer
A mixer circuit will produce both sum and difference
frequencies
Source: http://michaelgellis.tripod.com/mixersin.html

Phase Locked Loops

Frequency Synthesizers
We are looking for frequency agility, the ability to quickly
change frequencies. Where would this be useful?
Aphase-locked looporphase lock loop(PLL) is a control
system that generates an output signal whosephaseis
related to thephaseof an input signal. While there are
several differing types, it is easy to initially visualize as an
electronic circuit consisting of a variable frequency oscillator
and aphasedetector.
https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Phase-locked_loop
Source: http://www.radio-electronics.com/info/rf-technologydesign/pll-synthesizers/phase-locked-loop-tutorial.php

Advanced PLL

This system has the advantage of being able to set a divider

to provide for incremental adjustment of the loop frequency.
For example, the frequency can be adjusted in 10 MHz steps,
displayed on a control panel https://en.wikipedia.org/?
title=Phase-locked_loop

Engineering Problem
A transmitter frequency is loaded via a hard line
network. The sequence is:

Verify system is OK-- locked on start up frequency

Send new frequency
Verify system is OK --locked on new frequency
If not OK, stop otherwise proceed

Problem: While changing the frequency

synthesizer the system check is set to fail,
depending on the time required to change
frequencies, the result is a possible failure of the
system. What is a possible solution for this
problem?

Solution
Three solutions were proposed
Calculate the worst case timing and see if the fail
would actually occur (Result = 4 ms margin --Risky)
Add a wait state to delay the second check (Resulted in
huge cost penalty)
Modify system so that after an OK result the system
check was left in the OK state during subsequent
frequency changes (Small cost, but could not catch
initial system)
Final solution, accept risky approach with small margin
for initial system run, & change the system to leave
status in the OK state for frequency changes for
subsequent system builds.

Assignment
Read Chapter 2; skim details about
amplifier class and oscillator design,
(come back to this next week)
Show example 2.4 solved
Show example 2.7 solved
1. A resistor is wire wound, what
happens when this device is used in a
high frequency circuit?
Problem 29,33