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Motivation

Motivation is a kind of stimulus which


arouses and sustains the interest of
the individual towards the direction.

Motivation Characteristics
i. Its existence is due to the human
physiological needs.
ii. It is not inherited and does not exist
naturally.
iii. It is an incentive to achieve a certain
pre-determined goal.
iv. The stronger the desire to achieve a
certain goal,the higher will be the level
of motivation.

Types of Motivation
Some phychologists classify motivation
with teaching-learning, and grouped them
into:
i. Intrinsic Motivation
ii. Extrinsic Motivation
Learning Theories based on Humanistic
Perspective emphasis on Intrinsic
Motivation.
Meanwhile, learning theories based on
Behavioural Perspective emphasis on
Extrinsic Motivation.

Intrinsic Motivation
Intrinsic Motivation exists naturally from internal
stimuli.
It contains an individual's drive and interest to
act on certain activity without any reinforcement
or stimulus from outside.
Some of the intrinsic motivations are derived
from satisfactory learning activities and
experiences.
A habit to read or play musical instruments is the
type of intrinsic motivation which is formed from
satisfactory learning activities and experiences.

Extrinsic Motivation
Extrinsic Motivation comes from external
stimuli given with the aim of encouraging
people to carry out certain activity which is
beneficial to them.
Such Extrinsic Motivation can be
stimulated in various forms such as giving
praise, offering incentive, reward, better
grade or organising conducive learning
atmosphere in class with the aim to
motivate pupils to learn diligently.

Factors That Influence Motivation


i. Motivation Related with Interest;
ii. Motivation Related with Instinct and
Inquiry;
iii. Motivation Related with Drive and
Need;
iv. Motivation Related with Attitude,
Expectancy and Aspirations.

Behavioural Approach on Motivation


Behaviorism refers to the study of scientific
psychology based on observable behaviour
Behavioural psychologists considered that
learning is closely related with changes in
behaviour.
Their research studies concentrated most of the
efforts on the relationship between stimuli and
responses which they believe would cause
changes in behaviour.
In order to sustain a certain appropriate
behaviour so as to repeat again, the use of
incentive or reward during learnig process is
necessary.

Humanistic Approach on Motivation


In general, human needs can be classified
into two main types such as:
i. Human Biological Needs
ii. Human Social Needs

Human Biological Needs


K.B. Madsen (1973), suggested some of
the Human Biological Needs as shown
below:
i. Hunger
ii. Excretory
iii. Thirst
iv. Sleep and Rest
v. Activity
vi. Appropriate body temperature
vii. Aggression

Human Social Needs


Henry Murray (1938) provided a list of
Human Social Needs such as:
i. Achievement (need to excel)
ii. Affiliation (need for social bonds)
iii. Autonomy (need for independent)
iv. Dominance (need to influence others)
v. Exhibition (need to make an impression)
vi. Order (tidiness)
vii. Play (need for relaxation)

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