Professional Documents
Culture Documents
SOURCES OF INFORMATION
Primary Source
Data is collected by
researcher himself
Data is gathered
through questionnaire,
interviews,
observations etc.
Secondary Source
Data collected,
compiled or
written by other
researchers eg. books,
journals, newspapers
Any reference must
be acknowledged
PLAN
PLAN&
&DESIGN
DESIGNDATA
DATACOLLECTION
COLLECTIONINSTRUMENTS
INSTRUMENTS
TO
TOGATHER
GATHERPRIMARY
PRIMARYINFORMATION
INFORMATION
(Referred
(Referredtotoininthe
theFINDINGS,
FINDINGS,CONCLUSIONS
CONCLUSIONS&&
RECOMMENDATIONS
RECOMMENDATIONSsections
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ofreport)
report)
DATA
DATACOLLECTION
COLLECTION
DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION
METHODS USED
TO COLLECT
PRIMARY SOURCE DATA
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Interviews
Questionnaires
Survey
Experimentation
Case Study
Observation
Effective way
of gathering
information
Involves verbal
and non-verbal
communications
INTERVIEW
Can be conducted
face to face, by telephone,
online or through mail
Useful to collect
quantitative and qualitative
information
Survey
Questionnaire
Open-ended Questions
Note:
Free-response
(Text Open End)
Fill-in relevant
information
2.
Close-ended Questions
Dichotomous question
Multiple-choice
Rank
Scale
Categorical
Numerical
Need to keep
meticulous records of
the observations
Observations
DATA ANALYSIS
Summary sheet
1. To analyse data from interviews and observation, use
Checklist
Manually
2. To analyse data from questionnaires, use
SPSS
3. In a small scale study, the most common forms of statistical
analysis presented are:
Frequency
Mean
Percentage
DATA INTERPRETATION
1. It involves 2 terms
Results
presentation of data/findings (statistics)
Discussion interpretation of data/findings
2. Things to consider when interpreting your data:
Interpret findings based on the purpose and
objectives of your study
Relate the findings to real life context
Use persuasive language to convince your readers
to see the research from your point of view.
Order your interpretation to highlight the most important
findings
Include limitations to your research.
Use simple, clear language
1. Mailed surveys are usually selfadministered; that is, the respondents fill in
the questionnaires themselves.
2. Telephone and
3. face-to-face surveys are administered by
another person.
Choosing one of these methods depends
upon several factors: the availability of
time and funds, the sample population and
the amount and kind of information you
want to collect.