university of Kufa College of

engineering structures and water

resources department
.2nd class
sub.: strength of materials
:
2- :
:Aim of the lecture
To understand the strength of materials
conceptpart2

STRENGTH OF MATERIALS 1.2

subject which concerned with the behaviour and
calculations of the response of the bodies subjected
. to external loads
Mass and Gravity 1.2.1
Stress and strength 1.2.2
Strain 1.2.3
Modulus of Elasticity 1.2.4
Flexural loads 1.2.5
Fatigue Strength 1.2.6
Poisson's ratio 1.2.7
Creep 1.2.8

The mass of an object is defined from its

acceleration when a force is applied, i.e. from the
.equation F = Ma, not from gravity
Gravity is normally the largest force acting on a
:structure. The gravitational force on a mass M is

F = Mg

where g = 9.81 m/ s 2

The gravitational force on an object is called its

weight. Thus an object will have a weight of 9.81N
per kg of mass

STRENGTH OF MATERIALS 1.2

Mass and Gravity 1.2.1
Stress and strength 1.2.2
Strain 1.2.3
Modulus of Elasticity 1.2.4
Flexural loads 1.2.5
Fatigue Strength 1.2.6
Poisson's ratio 1.2.7
Creep 1.2.8

Types of strength
In engineering the term strength is always
defined and is probably one of the following
Compressive strength
Tensile strength
Shear strength
.depending on the type of loading

Forces

This cylinder
is in Tension

This
cylinder is
in
compressio
n

Flexural (bending)
stress
Shear
Stress

Compressio
n, tension,
bending
and shear

Tension and Compression

Structures lab

Testing for strength

Applying
Loads

Stress
This is a measure of the internal resistance in a
material to an externally applied load. For
direct compressive or tensile loading the
:stress is designated and is defined as

stress

load W
=
area A

Types of stress
Compressiv
e load

Compressiv
e stress

Compressiv
e load

Tensile
load

Tensile
Stress

Tensile load

Measuring:
Stress = Load/area

Shear Stress
Similarly in shear the shear stress is a
measure of the internal resistance of a
material to an externally applied shear load.
:The shear stress is defined as

shear stress

load W
=
area resisting shear A

Shear stress
Area resisting
shear

Shear Force

Shear force

Ultimate Strength
The strength of a material is a measure of
the stress that it can take when in use. The
ultimate strength is the measured stress at
failure but this is not normally used for
design because safety factors are required.
: The normal way to define a safety factor is

stress at failure
Ultimate stress
safety factor =

stress when loaded Permissible stress

STRENGTH OF MATERIALS 1.2

Mass and Gravity 1.2.1
Stress and strength 1.2.2
Strain 1.2.3
Modulus of Elasticity 1.2.4
Flexural loads 1.2.5
Fatigue Strength 1.2.6
Poisson's ratio 1.2.7
Creep 1.2.8

Strain
We must also define strain. In engineering
this is not a measure of force but is a
measure of the deformation produced by the
influence
of
stress.
For
tensile
and
:compressive loads
increase in length x
strain =
original length L
Strain is dimensionless, i.e. it is not measured
.in metres, killogrammes etc
shear displacement x
shear strain

width L
For shear loads the strain is defined as the
angle This is measured in radians

Shear stress and strain

Area resisting
shear

Shear displacement (x)

Shear Force

Shear force

Shear strain is angle

Units of stress and strain

The basic unit for Force and Load is the Newton
(N) which is equivalent to kg m/s2.
One
. kilogramme (kg) weight is equal to 9.81 N
In industry the units of stress are normally
Newtons per square millimetre (N/mm2) but
.this is not a base unit for calculations
The MKS unit for pressure is the Pascal. 1
Pascal = 1 Newton per square metre
Pressure and Stress have the same units 1
MPa = 1 N/mm2
Strain has no dimensions. It is expressed as a
. percentage or in microstrain (s)
A strain of 1 s is an extension of one part per
million. A strain of 0.2% is equal to 2000 s

Measuring: Strain =
extension/length

Elastic and Plastic

deformation
Stress

Stress

Strain

Strain
Permanent
Deformation
Elastic deformation

Plastic deformation

Stress-Strain curve for

steel
Yield

Plastic

0.2%
proof
stress
Stress

Failure
Elastic

0.2%

Strain

Steel Test in Laboratory

High Tensile Steel

Load N

40000
30000
20000
10000
0
-1

Extension m m (extensom eter)

Energy absorbed
Stress
(force)

Area = average stress

final strain
= Energy absorbed
= work done

Final strain

Strain (distance)

STRENGTH OF MATERIALS 1.2

Mass and Gravity 1.2.1
Stress and strength 1.2.2
Strain 1.2.3
Modulus of Elasticity 1.2.4
Flexural loads 1.2.5
Fatigue Strength 1.2.6
Poisson's ratio 1.2.7
Creep 1.2.8

Modulus of Elasticity
If the strain is "elastic" Hooke's law may be
used to define
Stress
W L
Youngs Modulus E =
=

Strain
x A

Young's modulus is also called the modulus

of elasticity or stiffness and is a measure of
how much strain occurs due to a given
stress. Because strain is dimensionless
Young's modulus has the units of stress or
pressure

Measuring modulus of
elasticity

Initial Tangent and Secant

Modulus

STRENGTH OF MATERIALS 1.2

Mass and Gravity 1.2.1
Stress and strength 1.2.2
Strain 1.2.3
Modulus of Elasticity 1.2.4
Flexural loads 1.2.5
Fatigue Strength 1.2.6
Poisson's ratio 1.2.7
Creep 1.2.8

Flexural Strength
Load W

d=depth

Compression region
Tension region

b=breadth

Span L
deflection x

STRENGTH OF MATERIALS 1.2

Mass and Gravity 1.2.1

Stress and strength 1.2.2
Strain 1.2.3
Modulus of Elasticity 1.2.4
Flexural loads 1.2.5
Fatigue Strength 1.2.6
Poisson's ratio 1.2.7
Creep 1.2.8

Fatigue
Failure

Stress

Strain

STRENGTH OF MATERIALS 1.2

Mass and Gravity 1.2.1
Stress and strength 1.2.2
Strain 1.2.3
Modulus of Elasticity 1.2.4
Flexural loads 1.2.5
Fatigue Strength 1.2.6
Poisson's ratio 1.2.7
Creep 1.2.8

Poissons Ratio
This is a measure of the amount by which a
solid "spreads out sideways" under the
: action of a load from above. It is defined as
) vertical strain) / (lateral strain (
.and is dimensionless
Note that a material like timber which has a
"grain direction" will have a number of
different Poisson's ratios corresponding to
loading and deformation in different
.directions

How to calculate deflection if the proof stress is

applied and then partially removed.
If a sample is loaded up to the 0.2% proof stress and then unloaded to a
stress s
the strain x = 0.2% + s/E where E is the Youngs modulus

Yield

0.2% proof
stress

Plastic

Failure

s
Stress

Strain

0.2%

0.002

s/E

Conclusion:
When the loads (forces) applied at any body their were
resistance to theses force called strength of the body material
(stress) and their were a deformation happened due to these
loads called (strain) , the both subject are explained in our
lecture with their types, examples, and calculations.
1.2.1 Mass and Gravity
1.2.2 Stress and strength
1.2.3 Strain
1.2.4 Modulus of Elasticity
1.2.5 Flexural loads
1.2.6 Fatigue Strength
1.2.7 Poisson's ratio
1.2.8 Creep

Now

we are waiting your questions , notes ,

misunderstanding , and opinions about the subject or its
applications in different fields especially most engineering
analysis and design depend on our current subject, also in
next lecture we take more mathematical examples to
explain the concepts and applications.

 :
references
1- R.C. Hibbeler Mechanics of materials
8th edition , 2011
2- F. L. Singer strength of materials 10th
edition , 2008
3- Pete Claisse lectures in strength of
materials concepts 2010
4-
1992