Introducere in Electronica de putere

R S Ananda Murthy
Associate Professor and Head
Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, Sri
Jayachamarajendra College of Engineering,
Mysore 570 006

R S Ananda Murthy

Introduction to Power Electronics

Fuel Shares of Primary Energy Supply

2.3 %
10.2 % Hydro
Biofuels
*Other 0.8 %

5.8 %
Nuclear

*Other 0.3 %

Biofuels 24.5 %

Natural Gas
20.8 %

Hydro 1.4 %
Nuclear 0.7 %
Natural Gas
7.2 %

Coal
27.2 %

Coal
42.3 %
Oil 23.6 %
Oil 32.8 %

Source: International Energy Agency (IEA)

R S Ananda Murthy

Introduction to Power Electronics

Graph of Depletion Function of Fuels

18

x 10
1.2

Coal

Energy Production in Joules

1.0

Depletion Function:

0.8

, , are constants
for a particular type of fuel.

0.6

0.4

0.2

Oil
Natural Gas
Uranium

0
1900

1950

2000

2050

2100

2150

2200

2250

Years

R S Ananda Murthy

Introduction to Power Electronics

2300

Hazards Caused by Burning of Fossil Fuels

Ozone layer
depletion

Acid rain

Photochemical
oxidants (Visibility)

Volatile Organic
Compounds
Fine Inorganic
Particles

Global warming

Combustion
of fossil fuels

Health effects

We need to reduce consumption of fossil fuels because it

causes environmental pollution and health hazards.
Therefore we have to harness energy needed for
development from other sustainable sources like solar and

wind.
R S Ananda Murthy

Introduction to Power Electronics

Higher Energy Efficiency Saves Fuels

Efficiency

100 %
Steam

Generator

Turbine

Power
Power
Loss
Left
%
%
65

35

2.5

34.1

Step-up Voltage
to Transmission
Level

Overall efficiency:
1.2

33.7

1.6

33.2

Step-down
Voltage to Subtransmission Level

Step-down
Voltage to
Distribution
Level
2.5

32.4

2.0

31.7

12.0

27.9

40.0

16.7

This shows that every kW

of output power saved results
in a saving of 6 kW of fuel
power at the generating site.

Switchgear

Induction Motor

IM

Pump

R S Ananda Murthy

Introduction to Power Electronics

What is Power Electronics?

Power electronics is the technology associated with

efficient conversion and control of electric power by using
power semiconductor devices.
Power electronics encompasses the use of electronic
components, the application of circuit theory and design
techniques, and the development of analytical tools toward
efficient electronic conversion, control, and conditioning of
electric power. Definition given by IEEE Power
Electronics Society.

R S Ananda Murthy

Introduction to Power Electronics

Goal of Power Electronics

Efficient conversion, conditioning, or processing and

control of electric
power
using
solid-state
semiconductor devices in order to supply high quality
power to the load causing minimum pollution of
environment and the utility supply circuit.

R S Ananda Murthy

Introduction to Power Electronics

Block Diagram of a Power Processor

Raw
Electrical
Power

Converter

Control
Signals

Feedforward

Reference

Output
Electrical
Power
in the Form
Required by
Load

Control Circuit
or
Triggering Circuit

Feedba ck

Converter has power switching semiconductor devices and

energy storing elements like inductors and capacitors.
Resistive elements are avoided in converters because they
cause power loss and reduce efficiency.

Controller switches on/off the switching devices present in

the converter.
R S Ananda Murthy

Introduction to Power Electronics

Example of a Power Processor

Power processor
+
A.C.

A.C.
Converter 1

A.C. supply
fixed voltage
at 50 Hz
or 60 Hz

D.C
.

Controller

A.C.
motor

Converter 2

A C. supply
.
variable
voltage
Controller

frequency
a
nd

A power processor may have more than one stage of

power conversion.

R S Ananda Murthy

Introduction to Power Electronics

Types of Converters
Converter Type

Input

Rectifier

A.C. at constant
voltage and
frequency

Inverter

D.C. at
constant
voltage

Chopper

D.C. at
constant
voltage

Output

D.C. at
variable
voltage
A.C. at
desired
voltage
and frequency

D.C. at
desired
voltage

Cycloconverter

A.C. at constant
voltage and
frequency

A.C. at desired
voltage and
frequency

A.C. Voltage
Controller

A.C. at constant
voltage and
frequency

A.C. at
desired voltage

R S Ananda Murthy

Symbol

and input frequency

ACVC

Introduction to Power Electronics

Power Electronics Vs Signal Processing

In Power Electronics
The focus is on power conversion at the highest possible
efficiency using very small control signals.
Semiconductor devices work as switches.
Power handled may range from a few watts to several
mega-watts.
In Signal Processing
Semiconductor devices generally work as controlled
sources in the linear region of their characteristics.
The focus is on information processing with minimum loss
of information.
Power handled will be of the order of few milli-watts or few
watts.
R S Ananda Murthy

Introduction to Power Electronics

Multidisciplinary Nature of Power Electronics

Solid State
Physics

Simulation and
Computing

Circuit
Theory
Power
Systems

Power
Electronic
s

Electrical
Machines

Signal
Processin
g
Analog
Electronic
s
Digital
Electroni
cs

Microcontrollers
Systems and
Control Theory

Electromagnetics

R S Ananda Murthy

Introduction to Power Electronics

Course Outline

1
2

Introduction to Power Electronics

Applications of Power Electronics

Power Semiconductor Devices

A.C. Voltage Controllers

Controlled Rectifiers

D.C.-to-D.C. Converters
(Choppers)
Inverters

R S Ananda Murthy

Introduction to Power Electronics

Suggested Books

M. H. Rashid, Power Electronics: Circuits, Devices and

Applications, 3 Edition, Pearson, 2003.
Ned Mohan, Tore M. Undeland, and Willium P. Robbins,
Power Electronics: Converters, Applications, and Design,
John Wiley, 3rd Edition.
Cyril W. Lander,Power Electronics : Principles and
Applications, Thomson Vikas Publications.
B. K. Bose, Modern Power Electronics and A.C. Drives,
Pearson Education, 2002.

R S Ananda Murthy

Introduction to Power Electronics

Next Lecture...

In the next lecture we will describe some applications of power

electronics. This will help in recognizing the importance of
power electronics in real life and give motivation for studying
power electronics.

Thank You.

R S Ananda Murthy

Introduction to Power Electronics