UMTS Indoor Coverage Solution

ZTE University

Content

Characteristic of Indoor Coverage

Design of the Indoor Coverage
The Indoor Coverage Solution
Key Points of Indoor Coverage
Cases of Indoor Coverage

Indoor data service is the main source of

income increment
UE usage scene
classification

Source: NTT DoCoMo statistics

DoCoMo statistics shows the traffic volume of 3G Indoor

service is 70%, and most is 3G service.

The data service can advance ARPU and restrain ARPU from
decreasing
Data service is the drive power to advance ARPU and for the
Operator to develop different service.

Indoor coverage is very important for network

performance
Isolated island effect
(top)
Ping-pong effect
(middle)
Network busy (largescale shopping mall
and exhibition center)
Blind areas and poor
signal areas (elevators
and basement)

Coverage It

causes much pass loss of radio wave and results in poor coverage
even blind spots due to screening and absorbance of buildings.
Capacity: building such as shopping mall and exhibition center have radio channel
congestion because of high traffic.
Quality: Signaling interference is common in high stories of buildings and signaling
received is unstable and Ping-Pong effect will appear, and therefore voice quality could
not be assured and call drops frequently happen.

The perfect indoor coverage is the key of 3G

network structure.
ge
2G
period

ra
e
v
co

Ca

3G
period

v
co

Voice is main service at 2G period, it

use wide coverage strategy to solve

ity
c
pa

g
a
r
e

the problem of coverage and capacity

There is much pass loss with the high frequency of

3G. The much penetrate loss make the Marco outdoor

site not provide full radio coverage at indoor.
Much more services happen indoor, including voice

cap

aci

ty

ty
i
t
a
qu

and data service. The perfect indoor coverage is useful to

raise network capacity.

Perfect indoor coverage is the key of network built from thinking about coverage and capacity

Service Requirements

Material Type

Transmission Loss

Common brick wall (< 30 cm)

10-15 dB

Reinforced concrete wall

20-30 dB

Ceiling channel

1-8 dB

Box-type elevator

30 dB

Wooden furniture

3-6 dB

Glass

5-8 dB

The penetration coverage method of an outdoor Acer station

cannot meet the indoor service requirements, but serves as an
auxiliary method.

The property analysis of 3G indoor/outdoor

same coverage

discrete distribution
Signal interfere and leak
Same indoor distributed system
Traffic share
smooth interim

Same network with indoor and outdoor, share with the coverage and
capacity of all network, same 2G indoor system, built 3G indoor
system quickly

Factor of 3G indoor coverage

Construction Condition

Wiring Condition

Electric Condition

Exterior Condition

Indoor signal quality

Environment Interfere

User perception power

consumption

Costs to built and maintain

Costs and quantity of

equipment

Power saving capability

Risk of market expansion

Network mature changing

Smooth market expansion capability

Content

Characteristic of Indoor Coverage

Design of the Indoor Coverage
The Indoor Coverage Solution
Key Points of Indoor Coverage
Cases of Indoor Coverage

Networking Mode

Passive coaxial distribution antenna system

Networking Mode

Active coaxial distribution antenna system

Signal Source
Signal Source
Microcellular

Repeater

RRU

Acer station

Advantage

Applied Scenario

Simple installation, wide

adaptability, and simple and
flexible planning

Indoor coverage system with heavy traffic

Low cost, mature technology,

and high efficiency, without
transmission

Indoor coverage system with light traffic

Flexible position of radio

All scenarios
frequency module and flexible
configuration of base station
parameters
Large capacity and high
stability

If the indoor distribution system need be

deployed in a building with Acer station
and the capacity of the Acer station is
sufficient, consider using one sector of the
Acer station to deploy indoor distribution.

Antenna Position Selection

Generally, the floors of a building adopt the cross coverage mode. The
loss of a floor is about 12-20 dB, so you need to consider the antenna
coverage of this floor and the antenna coverage of the adjacent floor
during design. In a tall building, the antennas at an odd floor and those
at an even floor should be installed in cross positions to ensure that
the antennas cover the weak areas and to fully use the power of the
antennas.

Transmission Model in Indoor Environment

When the electromagnetic wave

transmits in free space, its path
can be considered as a ray
connecting to the transceiver. The
electromagnetic wave transmission
loss in the free space is as follows:
PL Gr Gt 20 Log ( 4R / ) Gr Gt 22 20 Log ( R / )

Gr and Gt refer to the receiving

antenna gain and the transmitter
antenna gain (dB).
R refers to the distance between
the transceivers.
refers to the wave length.
If = 13.6 cm, (f = 2.2 GHz):
The unit of R is the meter.

Transmission of Indoor Radio Wave

Most applications focus on the indoor environments. The indoor radio

channel is different from the traditional mobile radio channel in two
aspects: smaller coverage distance and greater environmental
change. When the radio channel transmits in a building, it is affected
by the building layout, material structure, and building type.
The formula of calculating indoor radio transmission loss is as follows:
L PL1m 20 Log (d ) FAF 8

L: path loss (dB)

PL: path loss 1 m away from the antenna (dB), with the reference value of
39 dB
d: distance (m)
FAF: additional value of environment loss (dB)

Transmission of Indoor Radio Wave

Material Type

Loss

Common brick wall (< 30 cm)

10-15 dB

Concrete wall

20-30 dB

Concrete floor

25-30 dB

Ceiling pipe

1-8 dB

Elevator with metal handrailing

5 dB

Cabinet-shaped elevator

30 dB

Body

3 dB

Wooden furniture

3-6 dB

Glass

5-8 dB

Coverage Prediction

The indoor receiving signal field strength can be calculated according

to the following formula:
Pr Pt Gt L Gr

Pt: antenna port power

Gt: transmitter antenna gain
L: path loss, calculated according to the relevant formula
Gr: receiving antenna gain

In design of indoor signal power, consider setting the antenna port

power to 15 dBm. In this case, people under the antenna are safe.
In the UMTS system, use pilot strength to measure the coverage
range. To predict the indoor signal field strength, also use pilot strength
as the measurement standard. In general, the value of Pt is 5 dBm.

Antenna Distribution Planning

The following figure shows the distribution of antennas in

an office building.

Corridor Antenna Planning

The number of antennas in the building depends on the rooms at both sides of
the corridor. The rooms in a hotel are in complex structure, where signal
attenuation is great. An office building has large rooms, where signal attenuation
is relatively small.
The principle for deploying an antenna at the elevator entrance is the same as
that in a tube-shaped building.
At both sides of the corridor, deploy the antennas in positions where the signals
are higher than the outdoor signal level measured at the corridor window.
In a building with a corner, it is recommended to deploy an antenna at the
corner.

Antenna Planning in the Hall

Main building

A
Hall

In the hall on floor 1 of a building, consider the following conditions during antenna
planning. First, consider indoor and outdoor signal conversion at the entrances and exits of
the building. Then, consider signal conversion and power control at the windows around the
hall. Power leakage on floor 1 affects signal conversion and causes interference.
Measure the outdoor signal level at the entrances, exits, and windows of the hall and then
determine the positions for deploying antennas. Ensure that the antenna signal level to the
windows around the hall is 4 dB higher than the outdoor signal at this position. If one
antenna cannot cover the whole hall, use more antennas.

Antenna Planning in a Conference Room

Window

The antenna in the hall of a conference room not only

covers the entire area but also is close to the window side.
In addition, ensure that the level of the antenna signal to
the window side is 5 dB higher than the outdoor signal
level.

Antenna Planning in a Large Shopping Mall

In a large-sized shopping mall with regular structure,

deploy antennas evenly to facilitate check and
maintenance. Install antennas in relatively open areas
instead of the areas near the posts.

Port Power Distribution

Path loss difference between the UMTS system and other systems in
free space
Path Loss Difference (dB/100
m)

UMTSGSM900

UMTSDCS1800

1.5

UMTSPHS

UMTSWLAN

-1

WCDMACDMA

Edge coverage field strength requirement (coverage rage of 95%)

Edge Coverage Field Strength Requirement (dBm)
GSM900

-85

DCS1800

-85

PHS

-77

WLAN

-75

CDMA

-85

UMTS (64K service

continuity coverage)

-90

Antenna Port Power Difference

Port Power Difference (dB)

UMTS higher than GSM900

UMTS higher than DCS1800

-3.5

UMTS higher than PHS

-12

UMTS higher than WLAN

-16

UMTS higher than CDMA

System Cabling Diagram

Schematic Diagram

Frequency Planning

If indoor and outdoor signals

are of the same frequency, the
engineering is simple. In this
networking mode, ensure that
the leakage signals from
outdoors to indoors are not very
strong. Because the signals of
high floors may be complex, it is
recommended that low floors
and outdoor signals are of the
same frequency and high floors
and outdoor signals are of
different frequencies.

Content

Characteristic of Indoor Coverage

Design of the Indoor Coverage
The Indoor Coverage Solution
Key Points of Indoor Coverage
Cases of Indoor Coverage

Typical Scenarios of Indoor Coverage

Office buildings
Many partitions between rooms, great signal
attenuation, and complex wireless environment
High traffic and high requirement on service
quality
With the indoor antenna distribution system in
most cases
Subway tunnels
Enclosed internal space and single wireless
environment
Regular traffic
With the indoor antenna distribution system
in most cases

Residential areas

Relatively small wall attenuation but many walls

Medium traffic, with long duration of a single
call
Without the indoor antenna distribution system

Large-scale Buildings
Macro RRU

BBU+Macro RRU (40 W/60

W)
Outdoor dense urban areas
have large power and wide
coverage, so pay great
attention to coverage quality
and capacity.

BBU

HNB
FE/ADSL

Home NodeB (20 mW)

Use the existing indoor
wideband resources to cover
the blind areas such as
conference rooms, stairs, and
corners.

HNB
FE/ADSL

Repeater + indoor distribution

system
Use the repeater as the signal
source to implement indoor
coverage of low cost, which is
applied to enclosed areas with
light traffic.

Super market

Underground parking lot

Large complex
Large complex has large area, and stadium, airport and railway belong to
this group.
Take Shenyang olympics stadium for example, it occupies 254,000 square
meters with 278 meter length, 235 meter width, and 82 meter heights. It
has 6 floors and two-story stand and can hold 60, 000 population.
Multiple cells of Shenyang Olymipics ZTE stadium are classified vertically
and handover area of cells in the same story shall be properly planned.

CELL4

CELL3

CELL1

CELL2

Subway Tunnels

Cover shorter tunnels by deploying optical fiber repeater + trunk amplifier +

directional antenna. For example, use this method if a tunnel is less than 1000
m long and in simple route and the traffic in this tunnel is light.

Cover longer tunnels with

heavy traffic by deploying
BBU + RRU + directional
antenna.

Residential Areas

Residential areas

Generally, use the outdoor distribution system to achieve deep coverage.

Use active components such as GSM/CDMA trunk amplifier and passive
components such as coupler and power splitter as well as the base station
to form an outdoor distribution system to solve the problem of poor indoor
signal.

Suburban villas

The villas are relatively low, scattered, and cover a large area, so it is
recommended to use a radio-frequency repeater and an optical fiber
repeater.

Coverage of Underground Parking Lots

Content

Characteristic of Indoor Coverage

Design of the Indoor Coverage
The Indoor Coverage Solution
Key Points of Indoor Coverage
Cases of Indoor Coverage

Analysis of outdoor signaling penetrates indoors

When the site is built at the top of the building, the outdoor signal distribute
characteristics are as follows

The high level of signal coverage is stronger than that of lower level.
The signal is much stronger close the window, it is to weaken quickly with penetrate deeply.
The basement is better to separated, it belongs to blind spots with signal.
It should receive the stronger outdoor signal when the hall is glass top floor.

The building of China Unicom in Shenzhen the signal distribute at 20 floor when the site is
at top floor The area is 88.48% as the RSCP more than -85dBm.

Analysis of outdoor signaling penetrates indoors

When the site do not built at top floor that the building will be covered, it cover
with outdoor penetrates indoors from surrounding site signaling. because of the
antenna height is controlled by 30 meters, at the condition the building of being
covered (as 30F building, no site at top floor) signal distribute as follow

It is belongs to poor coverage that the area with close window of high floor (over 20F)
It is wild with signal that the area with close window of middle floor 7-20F
It is poor coverage close window at lower floor.
It is poor coverage and blind spots with another area.

The principle of 2G/3G indoor system change

It is less investment and fast built as

same indoor distribute system with 2G
and 3G,
The total principle of 2G and 3G
change It ensure the original network
can get coverage requirement after
change ,make the most of original
equipment, control change costs
The main style of indoor coverage built
with 2G/3G change The difficulty of
indoor coverage built is to get
engineering construction permission.
Though same indoor system with 2G
and 3G is the first solution for already
finished 2G indoor site.

F15

F14
...
F2
WLAN
F1

WLAN

Multifr
equenc
y
mixer

Elevator

GSM
DCS
UMTS

Sharing with Passive Distribution System

Non-source system make up of coupler, feeder
antenna, spliter
be suitable with small coverage building
As a result of no source equipment trouble
point, so cause lower trouble rate ,not need
maintenance and easy to expand

The requirement analysis of

prophase can get requirement of 3G
power configuration
It can use 2G system for small
coverage or single fabric non-source
system.
It should adjust feeder, antenna
number and location if necessary.

use with non-source system

Sharing with Active Distribution System-1

Amplifier

Application
principles

3G is self-interfering system and its better not to use repeaters.

Repeater shall not bring excessive noises to donor sites

5W is best, 10W shall be carefully handled and 20W is forbidden. Small-power repeaters are not
suggested either

No cascading allowed

Less than 1dB, uplink gain can be adjusted to achieve the balance of uplink and downlink of
repeaters.

Large-power repeater not recommended

Source distributing system is to add repeaters and

coverage to passive distribution system
Source equipment can compensate signaling source loss
in the transmission and expand coverage range
Source system is usually applied to medium or large
indoor coverage system in 2G network
Source equipment will induce interference and rise
floor noise

Cascading of repeaters will result in deterioration of the uplink

Repeater used for compensation of coverage especially in lifts

repeater not for capacity fulfilling

Sharing with Active Distribution System-2

The following shows the
construction of a new 3G indoor
coverage system, sharing the
passive part of the integral system
Suitable for places with high
coverage requirements and easy
wiring .

The above shows adding a

dualband combiner to avoid
repetitive wiring.
Suitable for places away from
signaling source and where
wiring is difficult

Sharing with Active Distribution System-3

Power
splitter

Power
splitter
Combiner

Trunk amplifier
RRU

2G trunk amplifier

Coupler

Coupler

2G
signal
source

Combiner

BBU RRU

2G signal
source

Multi-RRU coverage
The signals reach the signal source through a multi-core optical fiber and the
optical fiber transmits baseband signals.
The RRUs in different channels can share the same baseband to achieve
separation between coverage and planning.
Compared with a trunk amplifier, the RRU has many advantages in capacity,
coverage, and engineering.

Passive devices alternation

If

the combiner is available, and UMTS interface is preserved, UMTS signaling can
directly into the combiner; if previous combiner doesnt support UMTS or no combiner is
available, add a multi-band combiner.
The working frequency of passive devices such as coupler or power splitter shall be
within 800 2170 MHz; If WLAN shares indoor distributing system, frequency shall be
800~2500MHz.
When using the same cables, 2100MHz signaling will be largely attenuated and shall
be changed to big-diameter cables or add a source transmission power.

Single frequency power divider

Wideband power splitter

2G source

Single frequency coupler

Wideband coupler

UMTS
BBU

UMTS
RRU

Power splitter

combiner

coupler

Feeder Alternation

Feeders used in GSM coverage system

are mainly 8D/10D/1/2 and 100 m
loss is as shown in the right table.
2000MHz and 2000MHz have quite
different losses and 8D & 10D feeders are
not suggested in over frequency band over
1.9GHz

Feeder loss

900MHz

2000MHz

2400MHz

8D feeder

14.0dB

23dB

26dB

10D feeder

11.1dB

18dB

21dB

1/2 feeder

6.9dB

10.7dB

12.1dB

7/8 feeder

3.9dB

6.1dB

7.0dB

The
The following
following shall
shall be
be observed
observed when
when alternating
alternating feeders:
feeders:

8D/10D feeders longer than 5m in GSM system shall be changed into 1/2 feeders
8D/10D feeders are not used for major use.
1/2 feeders longer than 50m in GSM system shall be changed into 7/8 feeders;
1/2 feeders longer than 30m shall be changed into 7/8 feeders
For cost saving purpose, 1/2 feeders and connectors can be changed into 8D/10D
feeders.

Indoor & outdoor Interworking Scheme

Same frequency network or low-floor sharing the outdoor frequency and

high-floor using other frequency belong to intra-frequency networking
Different frequency network and one-floor sharing the outdoor frequency
and others using other frequency belong to different frequencies
interworking

Content

Characteristic of Indoor Coverage

Design of the Indoor Coverage
The Indoor Coverage Solution
Key Points of Indoor Coverage
Cases of Indoor Coverage

Case 1: Surrounding Environment of

Shenzhen
Unicom Building
We choose Shenzhen Unicom Building as one example

Unicom Building lies in CBD area of center Futian district. It has

dense buildings here, buildings are usually over 20-storied.

Surrounding environment of Shenzhen

Unicom
Building
Site on the top
of Shenzhen Unicom building has four cells with antenna height about 70

meters. The nearest site is Telecom building with 355 meters far away from it, which
influences this site much.
Unicom

Telecom

We can see that Shenzhen Unicom Building has a complicated wireless environment
and can be on half of the case that co-coverage by indoor and outdoor together has a
restrict requirement about interference and capacity. So we can take it as one example.

Indoor environment of Shenzhen Unicom

Building
Unicom building is a building with 24 floors over earth and totally

39483.9 square meters

Unicom building has a glass wall structure and a complicated indoor
environment.

Floor B1:underground parking place. Dependent.

Floor 1F:hall, vacant inside, spaces co-used by floor 1-3F, glass top,
signals outside can penetrate through the top
Floor 5F:equipment room, a wide and open place.

Indoor environment of Shenzhen Unicom

Building
Indoor environment of Shenzhen Unicom:

Floor 14F:offices,balcony and open top,

people can take teas and have meetings
here
Floor 19F:offices, a good open place
Floor 24F:top floor, offices for CEO

Changes of 2/3G co-used indoor distribution

Indoor coverage in Shenzhen Unicom Building use 3 cells and take the
form of BBU+RRU network. Feedback loss is reduced and coverage area
is expanded effectively.
Floor 5F and 7F are separation points, cell 1 covers floors under 4F(4F
included) , cell 2 covers 16F to 5F(16F included), cell 3 covers 17F to 24F,
soft handover area are controlled within emergency stairs.
To make new UMTS system by fully using GSM feedback part, investment
is reduced therefore.

GSM
BTS

Introduction of BBU+RRU equipment

ZXSDR B8200 distribution sites are used in Shenzhen Unicom Building and
are consisted by base station unit B8200 and radio remote unit R8840.
Technique specification of it is as follows:

Type

Item
Frequencies

Capability
Specifics
of property

Specifics
Uplink 1920MHz 1980MHz
Downlink 2110MHz 2170MHz
Max supported Sectors

24CS

Max supported carriers

Max supported CE channels for pure voice services

uplink 960CE
downlink 960CE

Max channels in one cell

123

Max throughput of system

216Mbps

RF unit type
Output power of carrier

Receiving Sensitivity

Physical
property

Power
supply
property

R8840

Output power of equipment

40W
60W

-126.5dBm@WCDMA S antenna receiveing

-129.2dBm@WCDMA D antenna receiving
-131.9dBm@WCDMA Q antenna receiving

Size of equipment

B8200 heightwidthdeep 88.4482.6197 mm

R8840 heightwidthdeep 370320160 mm

Weight with full equipement

B8200 8.75KG
R8840 16.5KG

Way of power supply,

permitted ranges of voltage
changes

B8200 -48V DC ranges -57 V DC -40V DC

R8840 -48V DC ranges-35 V DC -60 V DC
220V AC ranges 90 V AC 300 V AC
110V AC expansion supported ranges 85V AC 135V AC

Priority of BBU+RRU-1

Versatile network

BBU has a property of high integrity, large capability, less volume, light
weight etc. BBU can be places together, base band capability can be
shared. It is suitable to indoor cases with not-so-meanly-distributed and
can enhance stability of system.
RRU has a small volume, light weight and easy fixed. RRU can be used
together with GSM indoor distribution system. RRU uses fiber as
transmission, feedback losses are reduced effectively, which can reduce
additive losses in 2GHZ and make RRU has the same coverage as GSM.
So, it is easy to make 2/3G together.
BBU+RRU can realize coverage and capability planning individually. It is
easy to expand network, and changing indoor distribution system is not
needed. It is used to meet the need of services in 3G.

Merge of multiple RRU cells, coverage area are expanded effectively

BBU+RRU support RRU single cell merge technique. Single cell support 1
to 6 RRU in indoor situation, which expand coverage area of single cell
and realize far coverage of many buildings. This case can meet most
situations of indoor coverage.

Priority of BBU+RRU-2

Less work of project, low cost of operation and maintain

BBU+RRU use fiber instead of feedback cable has a simple way of

line distribution and is easy to work on. RRU can afford all kinds of
requirement of any situation and is not reliable on trunk amplification.
In real network trunk amplification can be given up or used in only a
few cases, so coverage quality decreasing caused by too much trunk
amplification can be avoided.
BBU is set up integrally and can be managed and monitored by OMC.
Traditional micro-cell manner need to monitor trunk amplification
excessively.

Change to co-usage is easy

BBU+RRU way can distinguish cells reasonably and easily. Expansion

later can be finished by background network administration software.
No necessary of further changes in hardware.
BBU,RRU can realize wall-hanging, and is convenient for indoor
coverage realization and application.

Suggestions of indoor and outdoor co Top and nearby sites affect much on Shenzhen Unicom building
network

for its glass wall structure. Potential strong signals coverage

come to live due to influence by outside signals. But outside
signals can not reach deep in the building.
Unicom building has a large capacity need. To make sure of
indoor signals are not affected by strong surrounding signals, we
suggest Unicom building take network form of different
frequencies, that is using different frequencies indoor and outside
door, but the same frequencies in the building.
We can configure cells used by lower floors to dual-frequencies
to make this cell to be on transient cell: indoor and outside
frequencies. When one user comes indoor, user will switch to
indoor cell with the same frequency and switch to indoor cell with
different frequencies. When user go out of indoor, compress
mode is activated, indoor cell with different frequencies transits to
outdoor cell.

Case 2: Typical Elevator Coverage

Optimization

An office building is deployed with the indoor distribution system (cell A), but it
cannot cover the elevators in the building. In this case, an outdoor cell B is
used to cover the elevators. The indoor cell covers the 13-floor office areas
and an antenna is deployed in the parking lot, so the entrance to the elevator
on floor 1 has strong signal of cell A. However, cell A does not cover the area
inside the elevator, which is covered by cell B.
The problem area is located on floor 1. Call drop may occur when you enter
the elevator on floor 1 to go upstairs or take elevator to floor 1.

Problem Analysis
Because cells A and B are of the same frequency, this is a soft handoff
problem.
In the elevator lobby on floor 13, indoor cell A has poor signal and cell B
functions to cover the elevator. Before you enter the elevator, the signal of cell
B is switched. Therefore, no call drop occurs when the elevator door is opened
and closed on floor 13. The signal of indoor cell A in the elevator lobby on floor
1 is very strong (RSCP of -70 dBm), stronger than the signal of cell B (RSCP
of -80 dBm). Ec/Io of cell B is 10 dB lower than that of cell A. After the elevator
door is closed, the signal of cell B covers the elevator inside.

When the elevator door is opened and the signals of cell A enter the elevator, Ec/Io
of cell B drops to -20 dB. In this case, if a mobile phone is not added to cell A
immediately, call drop occurs.
After the elevator door is closed, the signals of cell A drop quickly and Ec/Io of cell B
rises quickly. In this case, untimely soft handoff leads to call drop.

This point is proved by analyzing the signaling before and after call drop.
Sometimes, the UE submits a 1A event measurement report, but call drop
occurs before soft handoff is complete. Sometimes, call drop occurs before the
measurement report is submitted.
The cause of call drop is untimely soft handoff.

Problem Analysis

To solve the problem of untimely soft handoff, choose one

method:
Adjust handoff parameters to initiate soft handoff more
easily.
Change soft handoff area through radio frequency to avoid
the areas where untimely handoff occurs, such as corners
and elevator entrances.

Adjust Handoff Parameters

The parameters that can be adjusted include soft handoff threshold,

delay trigger time, co-frequency filter factor, and co-frequency adjacent
cell CIO.
CIO: Change the CIOs of cells A and B from 0 to 5dB to make soft
handoff easier to occur.
1A event delay trigger time: Change it to 0, that is, immediate trigger.
Co-frequency filter factor: Change it to 1 or 0 to make it sensitive to
signal changes.
Note that the priority of these parameters should be from top to bottom
because the latter parameter has greater impact. The CIO is relevant
to the adjacent cell, which causes less impact. The filter factor takes
effect for all co-frequency events, so be careful to change this
parameter.
The changes are based on increase of soft handoff ratio. Therefore,
consider it carefully if capacity-related issues are involved.

Reduce Signal Strength of Cell A in Elevator

Lobby on Floor 1

Because the mobile phones of vendors have different measurement

and reporting capabilities, some mobile phones may not have call drop
even if the relevant parameters are adjusted. To solve the problem,
adjust the radio frequency. Disable the antenna of cell A on floor A or
add an attenuator to reduce the signal strength of cell A in elevator
lobby on floor 1 and to make cell B be in activated state in this area. In
this way, call drop does not occur when mobile phones enter or exit
the elevator. For shared antenna feeder with the 2G system, it is
difficult to implement the radio frequency change solution, so the
parameter change solution is adopted.
Considering network planning for call drop due to untimely soft
handoff, it is recommended to adjust the radio frequency.
To solve the problem by adjusting parameters, change the CIO.